Climate of the Past www.clim-past.net 1814-9324 1814-9332 4 4 2008 10.5194/cp-4-357-2008 http://www.clim-past.net/4/357/2008/ http://www.clim-past.net/4/357/2008/cp-4-357-2008.html http://www.clim-past.net/4/357/2008/cp-4-357-2008.pdf 357 367 2008-12-15 Winter temperatures in the second half of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula T. Bullón teresa.bullon@uam.es Departamento de Geografía, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain This paper studies the winter temperatures of the second part of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula. A large number of historical documents that are stored in many different Spanish archives were consulted in order to carry out this research. The data was first arranged and weighted according to the intensity and significance of the meteorological phenomena described and, subsequently, these values were assigned an ordinal index ranging from +4 to −4. The statistical treatment applied is based on the reconstruction of temperatures equivalent to this ordinal index, expressed as anomalies of the 1961–1990 period, belonging to a reference station located at the approximate geographical center of the area under study. The results show winter thermal conditions different from current ones that, for the most part, stay below the reference average and that occurred with a wide range of variability. The influence that thermal conditions had on the evolution of some environmental aspects are considered based on the forest exploitation problem information and on the wine harvest production. Alcoforado, M. J., Nunes, M. F., Garcia, J. C., and Taborda, J. P.: Temperature and precipitation reconstruction in southern Portugal during the late Maunder Minumum (AD 1675–1715), Holocene, 10(3), 333–340, 2000. Anes, G.: The agrarian "depression" in Castille in the seventeenth century, in: The Castilian crisis of the seventeenth century, edited by: Thomson, I., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 60–77, 1994. Barriendos, M.: Climatic variations in the Iberian peninsula during the late Maunder Minimum (AD 1675–1715): an analysis of data from rogation ceremonies, The Holocene, 7, 105–111, 1997. Barriendos, M. and Martin Vide, J.: Secular climatic oscillations as indicated by catastrophic floods in the Spanish mediterranean coastal area (14th–19th centuries), Climatic Change, 38, 473-491, 1998. Blanco, E., Casado, M., Costa, M., Escribano, R., Garcia, M., Genova, M., Gómez, A., Moreno, C., Morla, C., Regato, P., Sainz, and H : Los bosques ibéricos. Una interpretación geobotánica, Planeta Ed., Barcelona, 1997. Bradley, R. and Jones P.: Climate since AD 1500, Routledge, London, 1992. Bradley, R., Briffa, K., Cole, J., Huges, M., Osbon T: The climate of the last millenium, in: Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future, edited by: Alverson, R., Bradley, R., and Pedersen, T., Springer, Berlin, 2003 Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., Storch, H., and Luterbacher, J.: Historical Climatology in Europe – The State of the Art, Climatic Change, 70, 363–430, 2005. Bullón Mata, T.: Hill slope erosion, environmental changes and land management on a Spanish mountain, Phys. Chem. Earth, 20(3–4), 339–344, 1995. Colmenares, D.: Historia de la insigne ciudad de Segovia y compendio de las historias de Castilla, Academia de Historia y Arte de San Quince, Segovia, reprint (first edition 1637), 1970. Dominguez-Castro, F., Santisteban, J. I., Barriendos, M., and Mediavilla, R.: Reconstruction of drought episodes for central Spain from rogation ceremonies recorded at the Toledo Cathedral from 1506 to 1900: a methodological approach, Global Planet. Change, 63(2–3), 230–242, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha, 2008. García Herrera, R., García, R. R., Prieto, M. R., et al.: The use of Spanish historical archives to reconstruct climate variability, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1025–1035, 2003. García Sanz, A.: Los diezmos del obispado de Segovia del siglo XV al XIX. Problemas, métodos, modos de percepción y regímenes sucesivos de explotación, in: Actas de las I Jornadas de Metodología Aplicada de las Ciencias Históricas, Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros – Universidad de Santiago, Vigo, 143–152, 1975. García Sanz, A: Desarrollo y crisis del antiguo régimen en Castilla la Vieja. Economía y sociedad en tierras de Segovia de 1500 a 1814, Akal ed, Madrid, 496 pp., 1986. García Sanz, A.: Castille 1550–1650: Economic crisis and the policy of reform, in: The Castilian crisis of the seventeenth century, edited by: Thomson, I., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 13–29, 1994. Gómez Mendoza, J.: Ciencia y política de los montes españoles. (1848-1936), ICONA ed., Madrid, 260 pp., 1992 Gómez Mendoza, J.: Geographical ideas among forestry naturalist in Spain, in: Geography and Professional Practice, edited by: Berdoulay, V. and Van Ginkel, J. A., Netherland Geographical Studies, 227–236, 1996. Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM): Climatología de Puerto de Navacerrada, Madrid, 1984. Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM): Valores normales y estadísticos de estaciones principales (1961–1990), Observatorio de Madrid Puerto de Navacerrada, Madrid, 1996. Jones, P. and Hulme, M.: Calculating regional climatic time series for temperature and precipitation: methods and illustrations, Int. J. Climatol., 16, 361–377, 1996. Kamen, H.: Philip of Spain, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1997. Landsteiner, E.: The crisis of wine production in late sixteenth-century Central Europe: Climatic causes and economic consequences, Climatic Change, 46, 323–334, 1999. León Llamazares, A.: Caracterización agroclimática de la Provincia de Madrid, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, 1989. Martin Vide, J. and Barriendos, M.: The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstructions: a case study from Catalonia (Spain), Climatic Change, 30, 201-221, 1995. Modino de Lucas, M.: Los priores de la construcción del Monasterio del Escorial, Vol.1 and 2, Patrimonio Nacional ed, Madrid, 1995. Mullins, M. : Biology of the grapevine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992. Pauling, A., Luterbacher, J., Casty, C., and Wanner, H.: Five hundred years of gridded high resolution precipitation reconstructions over Europe and the connection to large-scale circulation, Clim. Dynam., 26, 387–405, doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0090-8, 2006. Pfister, Ch.: Climate in Europe during the late Maunder Minumum period (1675–1715), in: Mountain environments in Changing Climates, edited by: Beniston, M., London, 61–89, 1994. Pfister, Ch. and Brádzil, R.: Climatic variability in sixteenth-century. Europe and its social dimension. A synthesis, Climatic Change, 43, 5–53, 1999. Pfister, Ch., Brázdil, R., Glaser, R., Barriendos, M., Camuffo, D., Deusth, M., Dovrovolny, P., Enzi, S., Guidoboni, E., Kotyza, O., Militzer, S., Rácz, L., and Rodrigo, F.: Documentary evidence in sixteenth-century Europe, Climatic Change, 43, 55–110, 1999. Quiroga, S. and Iglesias, A.: Relación entre el clima y la productividad agraria: Diferencias regionales y entre cultivos, http://www.infoagro.com/hortalizas/relacion_clima_cultivo.htm, 2005. Rodrigo, F., Esteban Parra, M. J., and Castro-Diez, Y.: The onset of the Little Ice Age in Andalusia (southern Spain): detection and characterization from documentary sources, Ann. Geophys., 13, 330–338, 1995. Rodrigo, F., Esteban Parra, M. J., and Castro-Diez, Y.: On the use of Jesuit Order private correspondence records in climate reconstructions: a case study from Castile (Spain) for 1634–1648 A.D., Climatic Change, 40, 625–645, 1998. Rodrigo, F., Esteban-Parra, M. J., Pozo-Vazquez, D., et al: A 500-year precipitation record in southern Spain, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 721–732, 1999. Rodrigo, F., Esteban-Parra, M. J., Pozo-Vazquez, D., et al.: Rainfalll variability in southern Spain on decadal to centennial time scales, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 721-732, 2000. Rodrigo, F., Pozo-Vazquez, D., Esteban Parra, M. J. et al.: A reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index back to A. D. 1501 using documentary data in southern Spain, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14 805–14 818, 2001. Rodrigo, F. and Barriendos, M.: Reconstruction of seasonal and annual rainfall variability in the Iberian peninsula (16th–20th centuries) from documentary data, Global Planet. Change, 63(2–3), 243–257, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha, 2008. Rodrigo, F.: A new method to reconstruct low-frequency climatic variability from documentary sources: application to winter rainfall series in Andalusia (Southern Spain) from 1501 to 2000, Climatic Change, 87, 471–487, doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9312x, 2008. Saz, M.: Temperaturas y precipitaciones en la mitad norte de España desde el siglo XV. Estudio dendroclimático, Publicaciones del Consejo de Protección de la Naturaleza de Aragón, Zaragoza, 2003. Saz, M. and Creus,J.: Evolución de las temperaturas en Villacarriedo (Cantabria) durante la Pequeña Edad del Hielo, in: El clima entre el mar y la montña, edited by: García Codron, J. C., Diego, C., Fernández de Arroyábade, P., Garmendia, C., and Rasilla, D., Asociación española de Climatología y Universidad de Cantabria. Serie A, no. 4, Santander, 419–418, 2004. Sigüenza, J.: La fundación del Monasterio del Escorial, Aguilar ed., reprint (first edition 1605) 1988. Taborda, J. P., Alcoforado, M. J., and Garcia, J. C: The climate of southern of Portugal during the 18th century: a reconstruction based on descriptive and instrumental sources, Geoecologia, Rel. 2, Centro de Estudos Geograficos, Lisboa, 2004. Vicente-Serrano, S. M. and Cuadrat, J. M.: North Atlantic oscillation control of droughts in north-east Spain: evaluation since 1600 A.D., Climatic Change, 85, 357–379, doi:10.10078s10584-007-9285-9, 2007. Winkler, A. : General viticulture, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1974.