Climate of the Past www.clim-past.net 1814-9324 1814-9332 5 2 2009 10.5194/cp-5-229-2009 http://www.clim-past.net/5/229/2009/ http://www.clim-past.net/5/229/2009/cp-5-229-2009.html http://www.clim-past.net/5/229/2009/cp-5-229-2009.pdf 229 243 2009-06-24 Individual and combined effects of ice sheets and precession on MIS-13 climate Q. Z. Yin yin@astr.ucl.ac.be A. Berger M. Crucifix Institut d'Astronomie et de Géophysique G. Lemaître, Université catholique de Louvain, Chemin du Cyclotron 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium An Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity is used to investigate the role of insolation and of the size of ice sheets on the regional and global climate of marine isotope stage (MIS) 13. The astronomical forcing is selected at two dates with opposite precession, one when northern hemisphere (NH) summer occurs at perihelion (at 506 ka (1 ka=1000 years) BP), and the other when it occurs at aphelion (at 495 ka BP). Five different volumes of the Eurasian ice sheet (EA) and North American ice sheet (NA), ranging from 0 to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) one, are used. The global cooling due to the ice sheets is mainly related to their area, little to their height. The regional cooling and warming anomalies caused by the ice sheets intensify with increasing size. Precipitation over different monsoon regions responds differently to the size of the ice sheets. Over North Africa and India, precipitation decreases with increasing ice sheet size due to the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), whatever the astronomical configuration is. However, the situation is more complicated over East Asia. The ice sheets play a role through both reducing the land/ocean thermal contrast and generating a wave train which is topographically induced by the EA ice sheet. This wave train contributes to amplify the Asian land/ocean pressure gradient in summer and finally reinforces the precipitation. The presence of this wave train depends on the combined effect of the ice sheet size and insolation. When NH summer occurs at perihelion, the EA is able to induce this wave train whatever its size is, and this wave train plays a more important role than the reduction of the land/ocean thermal contrast. Therefore, the ice sheets reinforce the summer precipitation over East China whatever their sizes are. However, when NH summer occurs at aphelion, there is a threshold in the ice volume beyond which the wave train is not induced anymore. Therefore, below this threshold, the wave train effect is dominant and the ice sheets reinforce precipitation over East China. Beyond this threshold, the ice sheets reduce the precipitation mainly through reducing the land/ocean thermal contrast. An, Z. S., Kukla, G., Porter, S. C., and Xiao, J. L.: Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of central China during the last 130 000 years, Quaternary Res., 36, 29–36, 1991. An, Z. S., Kutzbach, J. E., Prell, W. L., and Porter, S. C.: Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since late Miocene times, Nature, 411, 62–66, 2001. Barnett, T. P., Damenil, K., Schlese, U., Roeckner, E., and Latif, M.: The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variations, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 661–685, 1989. Bassinot, F. C., Labeyrie, L. D., Vincent, E., Quidelleur, X., Shackleton, N. J., and Lancelot, Y.: The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 126, 91–108, 1994. Berger, A.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35(12), 2362–2367, 1978. Berger, A., Loutre, M. F., and Tricot, C.: Insolation and Earth's orbital periods, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10341–10362, 1993. Braconnot, P., Joussaume, S., de Noblet, N., and Ramstein, G.: Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum African monsoon changes as simulated within the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, Global Planet. Change, 26, 51–66, 2000. Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., La\^iné, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, S. L., Yu, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum - Part 1: experiments and large-scale features, Clim. Past, 3, 261–277, 2007. Broccoli, A. J., Dahl, K. A., and Stouffer, R. J.: Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere Cooling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01702, doi:10.1029/2005GL024546, 2006. Brovkin, V., Ganapolski, A., and Svirezhev, Y.: A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies, Ecol. Model., 101, 251–261, 1997. Chiang, J. C. H. and Bitz, C. M.: Influence of high latitude ice cover on the marine Intertropical Convergence Zone, Clim. Dynam., 25(5), 477–496, 2005. Chiang, J. C. H., Biasutti, M., and Battisti, D. S.: Sensitivity of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone to last glacial maximum boundary conditions, Paleoceanography, 18(4), 1094, doi:10.1029/2003PA000916, 2003. Clemens, S. C., Murray, D. W., and Prell, W. L.: Nonstationary Phase of the Plio-Pleistocene Asian Monsoon, Science, 274, 943–948, 1996. Clemens, S., Prell, W., Murray, D., Shimmield, G., and Weedon, G.: Forcing mechanisms of the Indian Ocean monsoon, Nature, 353, 720–725, 1991. Claussen, M., Mysak, L. A., Weaver, A. J., Crucifix, M., Fichefet, T., Loutre, M.-F., Weber, S. L., Alcamo, J., Alexeev, V. A., Berger, A., Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Goosse, H., Lohman, G., Lunkeit, F., Mokhov, I. I., Petoukhov, V., Stone, P., and Wang, Z.: Earth system models of intermediate complexity: Closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models, Clim. Dynam., 18, 579–586, 2002. Crucifix, M. and Loutre, M. F.: Transient simulations over the last interglacial period (126–115 kyr BP): feedback and forcing analysis, Clim. Dynam., 19, 417–433, 2002. deMenocal, P. B.: Plio-Pleistocene African Climate, Science, 270, 53–59, 1995. Ding, Y., Sikka, D. R.: Synoptic systems and weather, in: The Asian Monsoon, edited by: Wang, B., Springer Praxis, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 131–202, 2006. Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., Huybrechts, P., Janssens, I., Mouchet, A., Munhoven, G., Brovkin, V., and Weber, S. L.: Modeling the influence of Greenland ice sheet melting on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the next millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10707, doi:10.1029/2007GL029516, 2007. Enomoto, T., Hoskin, B., and Matsuda, Y.: The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 157–178, 2003. Felzer, B., Oglesby, R. J., Webb III, T., and Hymand, E.: Sensitivity of a general circulation model to changes in northern hemisphere ice sheets, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19077–19092, 1996. Feng, Z.-D., Tang, L. Y., Ma, Y. Z., Zhai, Z. X., Wu, H. N., Li, F., Zou, S. B., Yang, Q. L., Wang, W. G., Derbyshire, E., and Liu, K.-B.: Vegetation variations and associated environmental changes during marine isotope stage 3 in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Palaeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoec., 246, 278–291, 2007. Goes, J. I., Thoppil, P. G., do R Gomes, H., and Fasullo, J. T.: Warming of the Eurasian Landmass Is Making the Arabian Sea More Productive, Science, 308(5721), 545–547, 2005. Goosse, H. and T. Fichefet: Importance of ice-ocean interactions for the global ocean circulation: a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 104(C10), 23337–23355, 1999. Grose, W. L. and Hoskins, B. J.: On the Influence of Orography on Large-Scale Atmospheric Flow, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 223–234, 1979. Guo, Z. T., Berger, A., Yin, Q. Z., and Qin, L.: Strong asymmetry of hemispheric climates during MIS-13 inferred from correlating China loess and Antarctica ice records, Clim. Past, 5, 21–31, 2009. Guo, Z. T., Liu, T. S., Fedoroff, N., Wei, L. Y., Ding, Z. L., Wu, N. Q., Lü, H. Y., Jiang, W. Y., and An, Z. S.: Climate extremes in Loess of China coupled with the strength of Deep-Water Formation in the North Atlantic, Global Planet. Change, 18, 113–128, 1998. Guo, Z. T., Biscaye, P., Wei, L. Y., Chen, X. F., Peng, S. Z., and Liu, T. S.: Summer monsoon variations over the last 1.2 Ma from the weathering of loess-soil sequences in China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1751–1754, 2000. Hoskins, B. J. and Karoly, D. J.: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179–1196, 1981. Imbrie, J., Hays, J. D., Martinson, D. G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A. C., Morley, J. J., Pisias, N. G., Prell, W. L., and Shackleton, N. J.: The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine $\delta^18$O record, in: Milankovitch and Climate, Part 1, edited by: Berger, A. L., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., et al., D. Reidel Pub. Co., 269–305, 1984. IPCC-Group I: Climate Change 2007: the Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC, IPCC secretariat, C/O WMO, Geneva, February, 2007. Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800 000 Years, Science, 317, 793–796, 2007. Kageyama, M. and Valdes, P. J.: Impact of the North American ice-sheet orography on the Last Glacial Maximum eddies and snowfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(10), 1515–1518, 2000. Kitoh, A., Murakami, S., and Koide, H.: A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2221–2224, 2001. Kukla, J. and Kukla, H. J.: Increased surface albedo in the northern hemisphere, Science, 183, 709–714, 1974. Kukla, G., Berger, A., Lotti, R., and Brown, J.: Orbital signature of interglacials, Nature, 290, 295–300, 1981. Kutzbach, J. E., Liu, X. D., Liu, Z. Y., and Chen, G. S.: Simulation of the evolutionary response of global summer monsoons to orbital forcing over the past 280 000 years, Clim. Dynam., 30, 567–579, 2008. Kutzbach J. E., Gallimore, R., Harrison, S., Behling, P., Selin, R., and Laarif, F.: Climate and biome simulations for the past 21 000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 17(6–7), 473–506, 1998. Kutzbach, J. E. and Guetter, P. J.: The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18 000 years, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1726–1759, 1986. Lambeck, K., Yokoyama, Y., Johnston, P., and Purcell, A.: Global ice volumes at the last glacial maximum and early lateglacial, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 181, 513–527, 2000. Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic delta $\delta^18$O records, Paleoceanography, 20(1), PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005. Liu, X. D., Liu, Z. Y., Kutzbach, J. E., Clemens, S. C., and Prell, W. L.: Hemispheric insolation forcing of the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon: local versus remote impacts, J. Climate, 19, 6195–6208, 2006. Liu, Z., Trentesaux, A., Clemens, S. C., Colin, C., Wang, P., Huang, B., and Boulay, S.: Clay mineral assemblages in the northern South China Sea: implications for East Asian monsoon evolution over the past 2 million years, Mar. Geol., 201, 133–146, 2003. Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T. F., and Chappellaz, J.: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH₄ over the past 800 000 years, Nature, 453, 383–386, 2008. Luthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J. M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650 000–800 000 years before present, Nature, 453, 379–382, 2008. Manabe, S. and Broccoli, A. J.: The influence of continental ice sheets on the climate of an ice age, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2167–2190, 1985. Masson, V., Braconnot, P., Jouzel, J., de Noblet, N., Cheddadi, R., and Marchal, O.: Simulation of intense monsoons under glacial conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1747–1750, 2000. Mélières, M. A., Rossignol-Strick, M., and Malaizé, B.: Relation between low latitude insolation and $\delta^18$O change of atmospheric oxygen for the last 200 kyrs, as revealed by Mediterranean sapropels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(10), 1235–1238, 1997. Opsteegh, J. D., Haarsma, R. J., Selten, F. M., and Kattenberg, A.: ECBILT: A dynamic alternative to mixed boundary conditions in ocean models, Tellus, 50A, 348–367, 1998. Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S., and Prell, W.: The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18 000 years, Clim. Dynm., 12, 213–225, 1996. Paterson, W. S. B.: The Physics of Glaciers, Pergamon, Tarrytown, N.Y., 1994. Peltier, W. R.: Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth: the ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 111–149, 2004. Peltier, W. R.: Ice age paleotopography, Science, 265, 195–201, 1994. Rind, D.: Components of the ice age circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4241–4281, 1987. Rossignol-Strick, M.: African monsoons, an immediate climate response to orbital insolation, Nature, 304, 46–49, 1983. Rossignol-Strick, M., Paterne, M., Bassinot, F. C., Emeis, K.-C., and De Lange, G. J.: An unusual mid-Pleistocene monsoon period over Africa and Asia, Nature, 392, 269–272, 1998. Rousseau, D. D. and Wu, N.: Mollusk record of monsoon variability during the L2–S2 Cycle in the Luochuan loess sequence, China, Quaternary Res., 52, 286–292, 1999. Rousseau, D.-D., Wu, N., Pei, Y., and Li, F.: Three exceptionally strong East-Asian summer monsoon events during glacial times in the past 470 kyr, Clim. Past, 5, 157–169, 2009. Shackleton, N. J.: The 100 000-year Ice-Age Cycle identified and found to lag temperature, carbon dioxide and orbital eccentricity, Science, 289, 1897–1902, 2000. Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., Monnin, E., Lüthi, D., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.-M., Ficher, H., Masson-Delmott, V., and Jouzel, J.: Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the late Pleistocene, Science, 310, 1313–1317, 2005. Sirocko, F., Sarnthein, M., Lange, H., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Atmospheric summer circulation and coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea during the Holocene and the last glaciation, Quaternary Res. 36, 72–93, 1991. Spahni, R., Chappellaz, J., Stocker, T. F., Loulergue, L., Hausammann, G., Kawamura, K., Fluckiger, J., Schwander, J., Raynaud, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Jouzel, J.: Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores, Science, 310, 1317–1321, 2005. Street-Perrott, F. A. and Perrott, R. A.: Abrupt climate fluctuations in the tropics: the influence of Atlantic Ocean circulation, Nature, 343, 607–612, 1990. Stein, U. and Alpert, P.: Factor Separation in Numerical Simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 50(14), 2107–2115, 1993. Tiedemann, R., Sarntheim, M., and Shackleton, N. J.: Astronomic timescale for the Pliocene Atlantic $\delta^18$O and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program site 659, Paleoceanography, 9, 619–638, 1994. Trenberth, K. E., Hurrell, J. W., and Stepaniak, D. P.: The Asian monsoon: Global perspectives, in: The Asian Monsoon, edited by: Wang, B., Springer Praxis, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 67–87, 2006. Van Campo, E., Duplessy J. C., and Rossignol-Strick, M.: Climatic conditions deduced from a 150 Kyr oxygen isotope-pollen record from the Arabian Sea, Nature, 296, 56–59, 1982. Vernekar, A. D. and Shukla, J.: The effect of Eurasian snow cover on the Indian monsoon, J. Climate, 8, 248–266, 1995. Wang, B., Clemens, S. C., and Liu, P.: Contrasting the Indian and East Asian monsoons: implications on geologic timescales, Mar. Geol., 201, 5–21, 2003. Wang, P. X.: Global monsoon in a geological perspective, Chinese Sci. Bull., 54(7), 1113–1136, 2009. Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Kong, X., Shao, X., Chen, S., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Wang, X., and An, Z.: Millenial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224 000 years, Science, 451, 1090–1093, 2008. Webster, P. J., Magana, V. O., Palmer, T. N., Shukla, J., Tomas, R. A., Yanai, M., and Yasunari, T.: Monsoons: processes, predictability and the prospects for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C7), 14451–14510, 1998. Wu, N. Q., Chen X. Y., Rousseau, D. D., Li, F. J., Pei, Y. P., and Wu, B.: Climatic conditions recorded by terrestrial mollusk assemblages in the Chinese Loess Plateau during marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 12–10, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1884–1896, 2007. Yanase, W. and Abe-Ouchi, A.: The LGM surface climate and atmospheric circulation over East Asia and the North Pacific in the PMIP2 coupled model simulations, Clim. Past, 3, 439–451, 2007. Yin, Q. Z. and Guo, Z. T.: Mid-Pleistocene vermiculated red soils in southern China as an indication of unusually strengthened East Asian monsoon, Chinese Sci. Bull., 51(2), 213–220, 2006. Yin, Q. Z. and Guo, Z. T.: Strong summer monsoon during the cool MIS-13, Clim. Past, 4, 29–34, 2008. Yin, Q. Z., Berger, A., Driesschaert, E., Goosse, H., Loutre, M. F., and Crucifix, M.: The Eurasian ice sheet reinforces the East Asian summer monsoon during the interglacial 500 000 years ago, Clim. Past, 4, 79–90, 2008.