Climate of the Past www.clim-past.net 1814-9324 1814-9332 5 3 2009 10.5194/cp-5-329-2009 http://www.clim-past.net/5/329/2009/ http://www.clim-past.net/5/329/2009/cp-5-329-2009.html http://www.clim-past.net/5/329/2009/cp-5-329-2009.pdf 329 345 2009-07-10 Investigating the evolution of major Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial-interglacial cycle S. Bonelli stefano.bonelli@lsce.ipsl.fr S. Charbit M. Kageyama M.-N. Woillez G. Ramstein C. Dumas A. Quiquet Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement IPSL/UMR CEA-CNRS 1572/UVSQ, CE Saclay, Orme de merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, UMR 5183, 54 rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France A 2.5-dimensional climate model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER-2, fully coupled with the GREMLINS 3-D thermo-mechanical ice sheet model is used to simulate the evolution of major Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial-interglacial cycle and to investigate the ice sheets responses to both insolation and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. This model reproduces the main phases of advance and retreat of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial cycle, although the amplitude of these variations is less pronounced than those based on sea level reconstructions. At the last glacial maximum, the simulated ice volume is 52.5&times;10¹⁵ m³ and the spatial distribution of both the American and Eurasian ice complexes is in reasonable agreement with observations, with the exception of the marine parts of these former ice sheets. <br> A set of sensitivity studies has also been performed to assess the sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets to both insolation and atmospheric CO₂. Our results suggest that the decrease of summer insolation is the main factor responsible for the early build up of the North American ice sheet around 120 kyr BP, in agreement with benthic foraminifera &delta;¹⁸O signals. In contrast, low insolation and low atmospheric CO₂ concentration are both necessary to trigger a long-lasting glaciation over Eurasia. Abe-Ouchi, A., Segawa, T., and Saito, F.: Climatic Conditions for modelling the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets throughout the ice age cycle, Clim. Past, 3(3), 423–438, 2007. Adkins, J. F., Boyle, E. A., Keigwin, L., and Cortijo, E.: Variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last interglacial period, Nature, 390(6656), 154–156, 1997. Andrews, J. T. and Barry, R. G.: Glacial Inception And Disintegration During Last Glaciation, Annu. Rev. Earth. Pl. Sc., 6, 205–228, 1978. Andrews, J. T., Shilts, W. W., and Miller, G. H.: Multiple Deglaciations Of The Hudson-Bay Lowlands, Canada, Since \mboxDeposition Of The Missinaibi Last-Interglacial Questionable Formation, Quaternary Res., 19(1), 18–37, 1983. Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y. S., and Lorius, C.: Vostok Ice Core Provides 160,000-Year Record Of Atmospheric CO₂, Nature, 329(6138), 408–414, 1987. Berger, A. L.: Long-Term Variations Of Daily Insolation And Quaternary Climatic Changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35(12), 2362–2367, 1978. Berger, A., Loutre, M. F., and Gallée, H.: Sensitivity of the LLN climate model to the astronomical and CO2 forcings over the last 200 ky, Clim. Dynam., 14(9), 615–629, 1998. Berger, A., Li, X. S., and Loutre, M. F.: Modelling Northern Hemisphere ice volume over the last 3 Ma, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 18(1), 1–11, 1999. Bintanja, R. van de Wal, R. S. W., and Oerlemans, J.: Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years, Nature, 437(7055), 125–128, 2005. Boulton, G. S. and Clark, C. D.: The Laurentide Ice-Sheet Through The Last Glacial Cycle - The Topology Of Drift Lineations As A Key To The Dynamic Behavior Of Former Ice Sheets, T. Roy. Soc. Edin.-Earth., 81, 327–347, 1990. Braithwaite, R. J.: Positive Degree-Day Factors For Ablation On The Greenland Ice-Sheet Studied By Energy-Balance Modeling, J. Glaciol., 41(137), 153–160, 1995. Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., and Svirezhev, Y.: A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies, Ecol. Model., 101(2–3), 251–261, 1997. Brovkin, V., Bendtsen, J., Claussen, M., Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., Petoukhov, V., and Andreev, A.: Carbon cycle, vegetation, and climate dynamics in the Holocene: Experiments with the CLIMBER-2 model, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1139, doi:10.1029/2001GB001662, 2002. Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Petoukhov, V., Claussen, M., and Greve, R.: Large-scale instabilities of the Laurentide ice sheet simulated in a fully coupled climate-system model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2216, doi:10.1029/2002GL016078, 2002. Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Claussen, M., Petoukhov, V., and Greve, R.: Transient simulation of the last glacial inception. Part I: glacial inception as a bifurcation in the climate system, Clim. Dynam., 24(6), 545–561, 2005a. Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Petoukhov, V., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., and Kubatzki, C.: Transient simulation of the last glacial inception, Part II: sensitivity and feedback analysis, Clim. Dynam., 24(6), 563–576, 2005b. Camoin, G. F., Ebren, P., Eisenhauer, A., Bard, E., and Faure G.: A 300,000-yr coral reef record of sea level changes, Mururoa atoll (Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. , 175(1–4), 325–341, 2001. Chapman, M. R., Shackleton, N. J., and Duplessy, J. C.: Sea surface temperature variability during the last glacial-interglacial cycle: assessing the magnitude and pattern of climate change in the North Atlantic, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 157(1–2), 1–25, 2000. Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., Roche, D. M., Ritz, C., and Ramstein, G.: Investigating the mechanisms leading to the deglaciation of past continental Northern Hemisphere ice sheets with the CLIMBER-GREMLINS coupled model, Global. Planet. Change, 48(4), 253–273, 2005. Charbit, S., Ritz, C., Philippon, G., Peyaud, V., and Kageyama, M.: Numerical reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Clim. Past., 3(1), 15–37, 2007. Clark, P. U., Clague, J. J., Curry, B. B., Dreimanis, A., Hicock, B., Miller, G. H., Berger, G. W., Eyles, N., Lamothe, M., Miller, B. B., Mott, R. J., Oldale, R. N., Stea, R. R., Szabo, J. P., Thorleifson, L. H., and Vincent, J. S., Initiation And Development Of The Laurentide And Cordilleran Ice Sheets Following The Last Interglaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 12(2), 79–114, 1993. Clark, P. and Pollard, D.: Northern Hemisphere Ice-Sheet Influences on Global Climate Change, Science, 286(5442), 1104–1111, 1999. Claussen, M., Fohlmeister, J., Ganopolski, A., and Brovkin, V.: Vegetation dynamics amplifies precessional forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(9), L09709, doi:10.1029/2006GL026111, 2006. Crucifix, M., Loutre, M. F., Lambeck, K., and Berger, A.: Effect of isostatic rebound on modelled ice volume variations during the last 200 kyr, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 184(3–4), 623–633, 2001. Deblonde, G. and Peltier, W. R.: Simulations of Continental Ice-Sheet Growth Over The Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle – Experiments With A One-Level Seasonal Energy-Balance Model Including Realistic Geography, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96(D5), 9189–9215, 1991. DeNoblet, N. I., Prentice, I. C., Joussaume, S., and Masson, V.: Possible role of atmosphere-biosphere interactions in triggering the last glaciation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(22), 3191–3194, 1996. Duplessy, J. C., Roche, D. M., and Kageyama, M.: The deep ocean during the last interglacial period, Science, 316(5821), 89–91, 2007. Duplessy, J. C., Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., and Masson-Delmotte, V.: Insolation and sea level variations during Quaternary interglacial periods: A review of recent results with special emphasis on the last interglaciation, C. R. Geosci., 340(11), 701–710, 2008. Dyke, A. S. and Prest, V. K: Late Wisconsinian and Holocene retreat of the Laurentide ice-sheet, Geological Survey of Canada, Map scale 1:5 000 000, 1987. Dyke, A. S., Andrews, J. T., Clark, P. U., England, J. H., Miller, G. H., Shaw, J., and Veillette, J. J.: The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 9–31, 2002. Fabre, A., Ramstein, G., Ritz, C., Pinot, S., and Fournier,~N.:Coupling an AGCM with an ISM to investigate the ice sheets mass balance at the last glacial maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(4), 531–534, 1998. Fettweis, X., van Ypersele, J. P., Gallée, H., Lefebre, F., and Lefebvre, W.: The 1979–2005 Greenland ice sheet melt extent from passive microwave data using an improved version of the melt retrieval XPGR algorithm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34(5), L05502, doi:10.1029/2006GL028787, 2007. Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J. P., Fichefet, T., Marsiat, I., Tricot, C., and Berger, A.: Simulation Of The Last Glacial Cycle By A Coupled, Sectorially Averaged Climate-Ice Sheet Model.2. Response To Insolation And Co2 Variations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97(D14), 15713–15740, 1992. Ganopolski, A., Rahmstorf, S., Petoukhov, V., and Claussen, M.: Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity, Nature, 391(6665), 351–356, 1998. Ganopolski, A., Petoukhov, V., Rahmstorf, S., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Eliseev, A., and Kubatzki, C.: CLIMBER-2: a climate system model of intermediate complexity, Part II: model sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 17(10), 735–751, 2001. Greve, R.: On the response of Greenland ice sheet to greenhouse climate change, Climatic Change, 46, 289–303, 2000. Hutter K.: Theoretic glaciology, edited by: D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 510~pp., 1983. Huybrechts, P., and de Wolde, J.: The dynamic response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to multiple century climatic warming, J. Climate, 12, 2169–2188, 1999. Jouzel, J., Stievenard, M., Johnsen, J. S., Landais, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sveinbjornsdottir, V., Vimeux, F., von Grafenstein, U., and White, J. W. C.: The GRIP deuterium-excess record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26(1–2), 1–17, 2007. Kageyama, M., Charbit, S., Khodri, M., and Ramstein, G.: Quantifying ice-sheet feedbacks during the last glacial inception, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(24), L24203, doi:10.1029/2004GL021339, 2004. Kageyama, M., Laine, A., Abe-Ouchi, A., Braconnot, P., Cortijo, E., Crucifix, M., de Vernal, A., Guiot, J., Hewitt, C. D., Kitoh, A., Kucera, M., Marti, O., Ohgaito, R., Otto-Bliesner, B., Peltier, W. R., Rosell-Mele, A., Vettoretti, G., Weber, S. L., and Yu Y.: Last Glacial Maximum temperatures over the North Atlantic, Europe and western Siberia: a comparison between PMIP models, MARGO sea-surface temperatures and pollen-based reconstructions, Quaternary Science Reviews, 25(17–18), 2082–2102, 2006. Khodri, M., Leclainche, Y., Ramstein, G., Braconnot, P., Marti, O., and Cortijo, E.: Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation, Nature, 410(6828), 570–574, 2001. Kleman, J., Hattestrand, C., Borgstrom, J., and Stroeven, A.: Fennoscandian palaeoglaciology reconstructed using a glacial geological inversion model, J. Glaciol., 43(144), 283–299, 1997. Krinner, G., Boucher, O., and Balkanski, Y.: Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow, Clim. Dynam., 27(6), 613–625, 2006. Kubatzki, C., Montoya, M., Rahmstorf, S., Ganopolski, A., and Claussen, M.: Comparison of the last interglacial climate simulated by a coupled global model of intermediate complexity and an AOGCM, Clim. Dynam., 16(10–11), 799–814, 2000. Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Calov, R., and Ganopolski, A.: Sensitivity of the last glacial inception to initial and surface conditions, Clim. Dynam., 27(4), 333–344, 2006. Kukla, G. J., Bender, M. J., de Beaulieu, J. L., Bond, G., Broecker, W. S., Cleveringa, P., Gavin, J. E., Herbert, T. D., Imbrie, J., Jouzel, J., Keigwin, L. D., Knudsen, K. L., McManus, J. F., Merkt, J., Muhs, D. R., Muller, H., Poore, R. Z., Porter, S. C., Seret, G., Shackleton, N. J., Turner, C., Tzedakis, P. J., and Winograd, I. J.: Last interglacial climates, Quaternary Res., 58(1), 2–13, 2002. Lambeck, K., Yokoyama, Y., Johnston, P., and Purcell, A.: Global ice volumes at the Last Glacial Maximum and early Late glacial, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 181(4), 513–527, 2000. Lambeck, K. and Chappell, J.: Sea level change through the last glacial cycle, Science, 292(5517), 679–686, 2001. Lambeck, K., Yokoyama, Y., and Purcell, T.: Into and out of the Last Glacial Maximum: sea-level change during Oxygen Isotope Stages 3 and 2, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 343–360, 2002. Lambeck, K., Purcell, A., and Purcell, T.: Constraints on the Late Saalian to early Middle Weichselian ice sheet of Eurasia from field data and rebound modeling, Boreas, 35(3), 539–575, 2006. Loutre, M. F. and Berger, A.: No glacial-interglacial cycle in the ice volume simulated under a constant astronomical forcing and a variable CO2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(6), 783–786, 2000. Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., Balkanski, Y., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Schulz, M., and Rodhe, H.: Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D13), 15895–15916, 1999. Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V., and Svendsen, J. I.: The extent of the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 111–119, 2002. Mangerud, J., Jakobsson, M., Alexanderson, H., Astakhov, V., Clarke, G. K. C., Henriksen, M., Hjort, C., Krinner, G., Lunkka, J. P., Moller, P., Murray, A., Nikolskaya, O., Saarnisto, M., and Svendsen, I. J.: Ice-dammed lakes and rerouting of the drainage of northern Eurasia during the Last Glaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(11–13), 1313–1332, 2004. Marshall, S. J. and Cuffey, K. M.: Peregrinations of the Greenland Ice Sheet divide in the last glacial cycle: implications for central Greenland ice cores, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 179(1), 73–90, 2000. Marshall, S. J., Tarasov, L., Clarke, G. K. C., and Peltier, W. R.: Glaciological reconstruction of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: physical processes and modelling challenges, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 769–793, 2000. Marshall, S. J. and Clark, P. U.: Basal temperature evolution of North American ice sheets and implications for the 100-kyr cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2214, doi:10.1029/2002GL015192, 2002. Milankovitch, M.: Kanon der Erdbestrahlungen und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem, Vol. 133, Royal Serbian Academy Special Publication, Belgrade, 633~pp, (New English Translation, 1998, Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. With introduction and biographical essay by Nikola Pantic. 636 pp. Hardbound. Alven Global. ISBN 86-17-06619-9.), 1941. Milne, G. A., Mitrovica, J. X., and Schrag, D. P.: Estimating past continental ice volume from sea-level data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 361–376, 2002. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Marsha, S. J., Overpeck, J. T., Miller, G. H., and Hu, A. X.: Simulating arctic climate warmth and icefield retreat in the last interglaciation, Science, 311(5768), 1751–1753, 2006. Peltier, W. R.: Ice-Age Paleotopography, Science, 265(5169), 195–201, 1994. Peltier, W. R. and Marshall, S.: Coupled Energy-Balance Ice-Sheet Model Simulations Of The Glacial Cycle – A Possible Connection Between Terminations And Terrigenous Dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100(D7), 14269–14289, 1995. Peltier, W. R.: Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age earth: The ice-5G (VM2) model and grace, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 111–149, 2004. Petit, J. R. Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., Stievenard, M.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399(6735), 429–436, 1999. Petoukhov, V., Ganopolski, A., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Eliseev, A., Kubatzki, C., and Rahmstorf, S.: CLIMBER-2: a climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part I: model description and performance for present climate, Clim. Dynam., 16(1), 1–17, 2000. Philippon, G., Ramstein, G., Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., Ritz, C., and Dumas, C.: Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet throughout the last deglaciation: A study with a new coupled climate – north and south hemisphere ice sheet model, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 248(3–4), 750–758, 2006. Rahmstorf, S.: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years, Nature, 419(6903), 207–214, 2002. Reeh, N.: Parameterization of Melt Rate and Surface Temperature in the Greenland Ice Sheet, Polarforschung, 59, 3, 113–128, 1991. Ritz, C., Fabre, A., and Letréguilly, A.: Sensitivity of a Greenland ice sheet model to ice flow and ablation parameters: consequences for the evolution through the last climatic cycle, Clim. Dynam., (13), 11–24, 1997. Ritz, C., Rommelaere, V., and Dumas, C.: Modeling the evolution of Antarctic ice sheet over the last 420,000 years: Implications for altitude changes in the Vostok region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106(D23), 31943–31964, 2001. Roe, G. H. and Lindzen, R. S.: The mutual interaction between continental-scale ice sheets and atmospheric stationary waves, J. Clim., 14(7), 1450–1465, 2001. Shackleton, N. J.: The 100,000-Year Ice-Age Cycle Identified and Found to Lag Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, and Orbital Eccentricity, Science, 289(5486), 1897–1902, 2000. Siddall, M. R., E. J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, Ch., Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I., Smeed, D. A.: Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle, Nature, 423(6942), 853–858, 2003. Siegert, M. J. and Dowdeswell, J. A.: Numerical reconstructions of the Eurasian ice sheet and climate during the Late Weichselian, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(11–13), 1273–1283, 2004. Stocker, T. F.: Past and future reorganizations in the climate system, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19(1–5), 301–319, 2000. Svendsen, J. I., Alexanderson, H., Astakhov, V. I., Demidov, I., Dowdeswell, J. A., Funder, S., Gataullin, V., Henriksen, M., Hjort, C., Houmark-Nielsen, M., Hubberten, H. W., Ingolfsson, O, Jakobsson, M., Kjaer, K. H., Larsen, E., Lokrantz, H., Lunkka, J. P., Lysa, A., Mangerud, J., Matiouchkov, A., Murray, A., Moller, P., Niessen, F., Nikolskaya, O., Polyak, L., Saarnisto, M., Siegert, C., Siegert, M. J., Spielhagen, R. F., and Stein, R.: Late quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(11–13), 1229–1271, 2004. Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: Terminating the 100 kyr ice age cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102(D18), 21665–21693, 1997. Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: Impact of thermomechanical ice sheet coupling on a model of the 100 kyr ice age cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D8), 9517–9545, 1999. Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: Greenland glacial history and local geodynamic consequences, Geophys. J. Int., 150, 198–229, 2002. Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: A geophysically constrained large ensemble analysis of the deglacial history of the North American ice-sheet complex, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(3–4), 359–388, 2004. Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: A calibrated deglacial drainage chronology for the North American continent: evidence of an Arctic trigger for the Younger Dryas, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25(7–8), 659–688, 2006. Verbitsky, M. Y. and Oglesby, R. J.: The Effect Of Atmospheric Carbon-Dioxide Concentration On Continental-Glaciation Of The Northern-Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97(D5), 5895–5909, 1992. Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., Duplessy, J. C., McManus, J. F., Lambeck, K., Balbon, E., and Labracherie, M.: Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 295–305, 2002. Warren, S. G. and Wiscombe, W. J.: A Model For The Spectral Albedo Of Snow.2, Snow Containing Atmospheric Aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37(12), 2734–2745, 1980. Wyputta, U. and McAvaney, B. J.: Influence of vegetation changes during the Last Glacial Maximum using the BMRC atmospheric general circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 17(12), 923–932, 2001. Yamagishi, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., Saito, F., Segawa, T., and Nishimura, T.: Re-evaluation of paleo-accumulation parameterization over Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the ice age examined with a high-resolution AGCM and a 3-D ice-sheet model, Ann. Glaciol., 42, 433–440, 2005. Yokoyama, Y., De Deckker, P., Lambeck, K., Johnston, P., and Fifield, L. K.: Sea-level at the Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from northwestern Australia to constrain ice volumes for oxygen isotope stage 2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 165(3–4), 281–297, 2001. Zweck, C. and Huybrechts, P.: Modeling of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial cycle and glaciological sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110(D7), D07103, doi:10.1029/2004JD005489, 2005.