Climate of the Past www.clim-past.net 1814-9324 1814-9332 8 1 2012 10.5194/cp-8-149-2012 http://www.clim-past.net/8/149/2012/ http://www.clim-past.net/8/149/2012/cp-8-149-2012.html http://www.clim-past.net/8/149/2012/cp-8-149-2012.pdf 149 170 2012-01-20 Impact of oceanic processes on the carbon cycle during the last termination N. Bouttes n.bouttes@reading.ac.uk D. Paillard D. M. Roche C. Waelbroeck M. Kageyama A. Lourantou E. Michel L. Bopp Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR8212, IPSL-CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Orme des Merisiers bat. 701, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France NCAS-Climate, Meteorology Department, University of Reading, Reading, RG66BB, UK Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Section Climate Change and Landscape dynamics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands LOCEAN, University Paris VI, Paris, France During the last termination (from ~18 000 years ago to ~9000 years ago), the climate significantly warmed and the ice sheets melted. Simultaneously, atmospheric CO₂ increased from ~190 ppm to ~260 ppm. Although this CO₂ rise plays an important role in the deglacial warming, the reasons for its evolution are difficult to explain. Only box models have been used to run transient simulations of this carbon cycle transition, but by forcing the model with data constrained scenarios of the evolution of temperature, sea level, sea ice, NADW formation, Southern Ocean vertical mixing and biological carbon pump. More complex models (including GCMs) have investigated some of these mechanisms but they have only been used to try and explain LGM versus present day steady-state climates. <br><br> In this study we use a coupled climate-carbon model of intermediate complexity to explore the role of three oceanic processes in transient simulations: the sinking of brines, stratification-dependent diffusion and iron fertilization. Carbonate compensation is accounted for in these simulations. We show that neither iron fertilization nor the sinking of brines alone can account for the evolution of CO₂, and that only the combination of the sinking of brines and interactive diffusion can simultaneously simulate the increase in deep Southern Ocean &delta;¹³C. The scenario that agrees best with the data takes into account all mechanisms and favours a rapid cessation of the sinking of brines around 18 000 years ago, when the Antarctic ice sheet extent was at its maximum. In this scenario, we make the hypothesis that sea ice formation was then shifted to the open ocean where the salty water is quickly mixed with fresher water, which prevents deep sinking of salty water and therefore breaks down the deep stratification and releases carbon from the abyss. Based on this scenario, it is possible to simulate both the amplitude and timing of the long-term CO₂ increase during the last termination in agreement with ice core data. 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