Articles | Volume 10, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-681-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-681-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Apr 2014
Research article |
| 01 Apr 2014
Holocene changes in African vegetation: tradeoff between climate and water availability
PALECO, CBAE, UMR5059 – CNRS-EPHE-Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Botanique, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
A.-M. Lézine
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN laboratory, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
APD contributors
Related authors
Carole Bastianelli, Adam A. Ali, Julien Beguin, Yves Bergeron, Pierre Grondin, Christelle Hély, and David Paré
Biogeosciences, 14, 3445–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3445-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3445-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our analyses showed that soil biogeochemistry could distinguish two forest ecosystems that coexist in Quebec: open lichen woodlands and closed-canopy black spruce–moss forests. Variations in carbon stocks, base cation concentrations and crystallinity of aluminium and iron were related to the different vegetation covers. This research was carried out as a first step to identify geochemical indicators of canopy cover types that could be useful in further palaeoecological studies.
T. T. van Leeuwen, G. R. van der Werf, A. A. Hoffmann, R. G. Detmers, G. Rücker, N. H. F. French, S. Archibald, J. A. Carvalho Jr., G. D. Cook, W. J. de Groot, C. Hély, E. S. Kasischke, S. Kloster, J. L. McCarty, M. L. Pettinari, P. Savadogo, E. C. Alvarado, L. Boschetti, S. Manuri, C. P. Meyer, F. Siegert, L. A. Trollope, and W. S. W. Trollope
Biogeosciences, 11, 7305–7329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7305-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7305-2014, 2014
Anne-Marie Lézine, Maé Catrain, Julián Villamayor, and Myriam Khodri
Clim. Past, 19, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Data and climate simulations were used to discuss the West African Little Ice Age (LIA). We show a clear opposition between a dry Sahel–savannah zone and a humid equatorial sector. In the Sahel region, the LIA was characterized by a gradual drying trend starting in 1250 CE after two early warning signals since 1170 CE. A tipping point was reached at 1800 CE. Drying events punctuated the LIA, the largest of which dated to ca. 1600 CE and was also recorded in the savannah zone.
María Fernanda Sánchez Goñi, Stéphanie Desprat, Anne-Laure Daniau, Frank C. Bassinot, Josué M. Polanco-Martínez, Sandy P. Harrison, Judy R. M. Allen, R. Scott Anderson, Hermann Behling, Raymonde Bonnefille, Francesc Burjachs, José S. Carrión, Rachid Cheddadi, James S. Clark, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Colin. J. Courtney Mustaphi, Georg H. Debusk, Lydie M. Dupont, Jemma M. Finch, William J. Fletcher, Marco Giardini, Catalina González, William D. Gosling, Laurie D. Grigg, Eric C. Grimm, Ryoma Hayashi, Karin Helmens, Linda E. Heusser, Trevor Hill, Geoffrey Hope, Brian Huntley, Yaeko Igarashi, Tomohisa Irino, Bonnie Jacobs, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Sayuri Kawai, A. Peter Kershaw, Fujio Kumon, Ian T. Lawson, Marie-Pierre Ledru, Anne-Marie Lézine, Ping Mei Liew, Donatella Magri, Robert Marchant, Vasiliki Margari, Francis E. Mayle, G. Merna McKenzie, Patrick Moss, Stefanie Müller, Ulrich C. Müller, Filipa Naughton, Rewi M. Newnham, Tadamichi Oba, Ramón Pérez-Obiol, Roberta Pini, Cesare Ravazzi, Katy H. Roucoux, Stephen M. Rucina, Louis Scott, Hikaru Takahara, Polichronis C. Tzedakis, Dunia H. Urrego, Bas van Geel, B. Guido Valencia, Marcus J. Vandergoes, Annie Vincens, Cathy L. Whitlock, Debra A. Willard, and Masanobu Yamamoto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 679–695, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-679-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-679-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The ACER (Abrupt Climate Changes and Environmental Responses) global database includes 93 pollen records from the last glacial period (73–15 ka) plotted against a common chronology; 32 also provide charcoal records. The database allows for the reconstruction of the regional expression, vegetation and fire of past abrupt climate changes that are comparable to those expected in the 21st century. This work is a major contribution to understanding the processes behind rapid climate change.
Carole Bastianelli, Adam A. Ali, Julien Beguin, Yves Bergeron, Pierre Grondin, Christelle Hély, and David Paré
Biogeosciences, 14, 3445–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3445-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3445-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our analyses showed that soil biogeochemistry could distinguish two forest ecosystems that coexist in Quebec: open lichen woodlands and closed-canopy black spruce–moss forests. Variations in carbon stocks, base cation concentrations and crystallinity of aluminium and iron were related to the different vegetation covers. This research was carried out as a first step to identify geochemical indicators of canopy cover types that could be useful in further palaeoecological studies.
T. T. van Leeuwen, G. R. van der Werf, A. A. Hoffmann, R. G. Detmers, G. Rücker, N. H. F. French, S. Archibald, J. A. Carvalho Jr., G. D. Cook, W. J. de Groot, C. Hély, E. S. Kasischke, S. Kloster, J. L. McCarty, M. L. Pettinari, P. Savadogo, E. C. Alvarado, L. Boschetti, S. Manuri, C. P. Meyer, F. Siegert, L. A. Trollope, and W. S. W. Trollope
Biogeosciences, 11, 7305–7329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7305-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7305-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Continental Surface Processes | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Holocene
Moss kill dates and modeled summer temperature track episodic snowline lowering and ice cap expansion in Arctic Canada through the Common Era
Missing sea level rise in southeastern Greenland during and since the Little Ice Age
Reconstructing burnt area during the Holocene: an Iberian case study
Expression of the “4.2 ka event” in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA
Arctic glaciers and ice caps through the Holocene:a circumpolar synthesis of lake-based reconstructions
Stalagmite carbon isotopes suggest deglacial increase in soil respiration in western Europe driven by temperature change
Climate-driven desertification and its implications for the ancient Silk Road trade
Diatom-oxygen isotope record from high-altitude Lake Petit (2200 m a.s.l.) in the Mediterranean Alps: shedding light on a climatic pulse at 4.2 ka
Episodic Neoglacial expansion and rapid 20th century retreat of a small ice cap on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, and modeled temperature change
Climate trends in northern Ontario and Québec from borehole temperature profiles
Interactions between climate change and human activities during the early to mid-Holocene in the eastern Mediterranean basins
Laurentide Ice Sheet basal temperatures during the last glacial cycle as inferred from borehole data
Evidence of a prolonged drought ca. 4200 yr BP correlated with prehistoric settlement abandonment from the Gueldaman GLD1 Cave, Northern Algeria
Glacier response to North Atlantic climate variability during the Holocene
Climatic variability and human impact during the last 2000 years in western Mesoamerica: evidence of late Classic (AD 600–900) and Little Ice Age drought events
Twelve thousand years of dust: the Holocene global dust cycle constrained by natural archives
Numerical studies on the Impact of the Last Glacial Cycle on recent borehole temperature profiles: implications for terrestrial energy balance
Holocene climate change, permafrost and cryogenic carbonate formation: insights from a recently deglaciated, high-elevation cave in the Austrian Alps
Late Glacial–Holocene climatic transition record at the Argentinian Andean piedmont between 33 and 34° S
Orbital changes, variation in solar activity and increased anthropogenic activities: controls on the Holocene flood frequency in the Lake Ledro area, Northern Italy
Mass-movement and flood-induced deposits in Lake Ledro, southern Alps, Italy: implications for Holocene palaeohydrology and natural hazards
A Late Glacial to Holocene record of environmental change from Lake Dojran (Macedonia, Greece)
Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability
Temperature variability at Dürres Maar, Germany during the Migration Period and at High Medieval Times, inferred from stable carbon isotopes of Sphagnum cellulose
Gifford H. Miller, Simon L. Pendleton, Alexandra Jahn, Yafang Zhong, John T. Andrews, Scott J. Lehman, Jason P. Briner, Jonathan H. Raberg, Helga Bueltmann, Martha Raynolds, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, and John R. Southon
Clim. Past, 19, 2341–2360, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2341-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2341-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Receding Arctic ice caps reveal moss killed by earlier ice expansions; 186 moss kill dates from 71 ice caps cluster at 250–450, 850–1000 and 1240–1500 CE and continued expanding 1500–1880 CE, as recorded by regions of sparse vegetation cover, when ice caps covered > 11 000 km2 but < 100 km2 at present. The 1880 CE state approached conditions expected during the start of an ice age; climate models suggest this was only reversed by anthropogenic alterations to the planetary energy balance.
Sarah A. Woodroffe, Leanne M. Wake, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Antony J. Long, and Kurt H. Kjær
Clim. Past, 19, 1585–1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1585-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1585-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Salt marsh in SE Greenland records sea level changes over the past 300 years in sediments and microfossils. The pattern is rising sea level until ~ 1880 CE and sea level fall since. This disagrees with modelled sea level, which overpredicts sea level fall by at least 0.5 m. This is the same even when reducing the overall amount of Greenland ice sheet melt and allowing for more time. Fitting the model to the data leaves ~ 3 mm yr−1 of unexplained sea level rise in SE Greenland since ~ 1880 CE.
Yicheng Shen, Luke Sweeney, Mengmeng Liu, Jose Antonio Lopez Saez, Sebastián Pérez-Díaz, Reyes Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, Graciela Gil-Romera, Dana Hoefer, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Heike Schneider, I. Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Clim. Past, 18, 1189–1201, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1189-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1189-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to reconstruct burnt area using a relationship between pollen and charcoal abundances and the calibration of charcoal abundance using modern observations of burnt area. We use this method to reconstruct changes in burnt area over the past 12 000 years from sites in Iberia. We show that regional changes in burnt area reflect known changes in climate, with a high burnt area during warming intervals and low burnt area when the climate was cooler and/or wetter than today.
David T. Liefert and Bryan N. Shuman
Clim. Past, 18, 1109–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1109-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A large drought potentially occurred roughly 4200 years ago, but its impacts and significance are unclear. We find new evidence in carbonate oxygen isotopes from a mountain lake in southeastern Wyoming, southern Rocky Mountains, of an abrupt reduction in effective moisture (precipitation–evaporation) or snowpack from approximately 4200–4000 years ago. The drought's prominence among a growing number of sites in the North American interior suggests it was a regionally substantial climate event.
Laura J. Larocca and Yarrow Axford
Clim. Past, 18, 579–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper synthesizes 66 records of glacier variations over the Holocene from lake archives across seven Arctic regions. We find that summers only moderately warmer than today drove major environmental change across the Arctic in the early Holocene, including the widespread loss of glaciers. In comparison, future projections of Arctic temperature change far exceed estimated early Holocene values in most locations, portending the eventual loss of most of the Arctic's small glaciers.
Franziska A. Lechleitner, Christopher C. Day, Oliver Kost, Micah Wilhelm, Negar Haghipour, Gideon M. Henderson, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a critical but poorly constrained component of the global carbon cycle. We analyse the effect of changing soil respiration rates on the stable carbon isotope ratio of speleothems from northern Spain covering the last deglaciation. Using geochemical analysis and forward modelling we quantify the processes affecting speleothem stable carbon isotope ratios and extract a signature of increasing soil respiration synchronous with deglacial warming.
Guanghui Dong, Leibin Wang, David Dian Zhang, Fengwen Liu, Yifu Cui, Guoqiang Li, Zhilin Shi, and Fahu Chen
Clim. Past, 17, 1395–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A compilation of the results of absolute dating and high-resolution paleoclimatic records from the Xishawo site in the Dunhuang area and historical archives reveals that two desertification events occurred at ~ 800–600 BCE and ~ 1450 CE. The later desertification event was consistent with the immediate fall in tribute trade that occurred in ~ 1450 CE, which indicates that climate change played a potentially important role in explaining the decline of the Ancient Silk Road trade.
Rosine Cartier, Florence Sylvestre, Christine Paillès, Corinne Sonzogni, Martine Couapel, Anne Alexandre, Jean-Charles Mazur, Elodie Brisset, Cécile Miramont, and Frédéric Guiter
Clim. Past, 15, 253–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-253-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-253-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A major environmental change, 4200 years ago, was recorded in the lacustrine sediments of Lake Petit (Mediterranean Alps). The regime shift was described by a modification in erosion processes in the watershed and aquatic species in the lake. This study, based on the analysis of the lake water balance by using oxygen isotopes in diatoms, revealed that these environmental responses were due to a rapid change in precipitation regime, lasting ca. 500 years.
Simon L. Pendleton, Gifford H. Miller, Robert A. Anderson, Sarah E. Crump, Yafang Zhong, Alexandra Jahn, and Áslaug Geirsdottir
Clim. Past, 13, 1527–1537, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1527-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1527-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recent warming in the high latitudes has prompted the accelerated retreat of ice caps and glaciers, especially in the Canadian Arctic. Here we use the radiocarbon age of preserved plants being exposed by shrinking ice caps that once entombed them. These ages help us to constrain the timing and magnitude of climate change on southern Baffin Island over the past ~ 2000 years. Our results show episodic cooling up until ~ 1900 CE, followed by accelerated warming through present.
Carolyne Pickler, Hugo Beltrami, and Jean-Claude Mareschal
Clim. Past, 12, 2215–2227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2215-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2215-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The ground surface temperature histories of the past 500 years were reconstructed at 10 sites in northern Ontario and Quebec. The regions experienced a warming of ~1–2 K for the past 150 years, agreeing with borehole reconstructions for southern Ontario and Quebec and proxy data. Permafrost maps locate the sites in a region of discontinuous permafrost but our reconstructions suggest that the potential for permafrost was minimal to absent over the past 500 years.
Jean-Francois Berger, Laurent Lespez, Catherine Kuzucuoğlu, Arthur Glais, Fuad Hourani, Adrien Barra, and Jean Guilaine
Clim. Past, 12, 1847–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1847-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1847-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on early Holocene rapid climate changes in the Mediterranean zone, which are under-represented in continental archives, and on their impact on prehistoric societies from the eastern to central Mediterranean (central Anatolia, Cyprus, NE and NW Greece). Our study demonstrates the reality of hydrogeomorphological responses to early Holocene RCCs in valleys and alluvial fans and lake–marsh systems. We finally question their socio-economic and geographical adaptation capacities.
C. Pickler, H. Beltrami, and J.-C. Mareschal
Clim. Past, 12, 115–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-115-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-115-2016, 2016
J. Ruan, F. Kherbouche, D. Genty, D. Blamart, H. Cheng, F. Dewilde, S. Hachi, R. L. Edwards, E. Régnier, and J.-L. Michelot
Clim. Past, 12, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1-2016, 2016
N. L. Balascio, W. J. D'Andrea, and R. S. Bradley
Clim. Past, 11, 1587–1598, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1587-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1587-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment cores were collected from a lake that captures runoff from two glaciers in Greenland. Our analysis of the sediments shows that these glaciers were active over the last 9,000 years and advanced and retreated in response to regional climate changes. The data also provide a long-term perspective on the rate of 20th century glacier retreat and indicate that recent anthropogenic-driven warming has already impacted the regional cryosphere in a manner outside the range of natural variability.
A. Rodríguez-Ramírez, M. Caballero, P. Roy, B. Ortega, G. Vázquez-Castro, and S. Lozano-García
Clim. Past, 11, 1239–1248, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1239-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1239-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from western Mexico, where very few palaeoclimatic research sites exist. The record has good chronological resolution (ca. 20 years) and clear climatic trends during the last 2ka. The most important signals are: dry conditions during the late Classic (AD 500 to 1000), especially from AD 600 to 800, and low lake levels during the LIA, in two phases that follow Spörer and Maunder solar minima. Drier conditions are related with a lower intensity of the North American monsoon.
S. Albani, N. M. Mahowald, G. Winckler, R. F. Anderson, L. I. Bradtmiller, B. Delmonte, R. François, M. Goman, N. G. Heavens, P. P. Hesse, S. A. Hovan, S. G. Kang, K. E. Kohfeld, H. Lu, V. Maggi, J. A. Mason, P. A. Mayewski, D. McGee, X. Miao, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, A. T. Perry, A. Pourmand, H. M. Roberts, N. Rosenbloom, T. Stevens, and J. Sun
Clim. Past, 11, 869–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-869-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-869-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We propose an innovative framework to organize paleodust records, formalized in a publicly accessible database, and discuss the emerging properties of the global dust cycle during the Holocene by integrating our analysis with simulations performed with the Community Earth System Model. We show how the size distribution of dust is intrinsically related to the dust mass accumulation rates and that only considering a consistent size range allows for a consistent analysis of the global dust cycle.
H. Beltrami, G. S. Matharoo, L. Tarasov, V. Rath, and J. E. Smerdon
Clim. Past, 10, 1693–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1693-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1693-2014, 2014
C. Spötl and H. Cheng
Clim. Past, 10, 1349–1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1349-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1349-2014, 2014
A. E. Mehl and M. A. Zárate
Clim. Past, 10, 863–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-863-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-863-2014, 2014
B. Vannière, M. Magny, S. Joannin, A. Simonneau, S. B. Wirth, Y. Hamann, E. Chapron, A. Gilli, M. Desmet, and F. S. Anselmetti
Clim. Past, 9, 1193–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1193-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1193-2013, 2013
A. Simonneau, E. Chapron, B. Vannière, S. B. Wirth, A. Gilli, C. Di Giovanni, F. S. Anselmetti, M. Desmet, and M. Magny
Clim. Past, 9, 825–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-825-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-825-2013, 2013
A. Francke, B. Wagner, M. J. Leng, and J. Rethemeyer
Clim. Past, 9, 481–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-481-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-481-2013, 2013
J. Fohlmeister, A. Schröder-Ritzrau, D. Scholz, C. Spötl, D. F. C. Riechelmann, M. Mudelsee, A. Wackerbarth, A. Gerdes, S. Riechelmann, A. Immenhauser, D. K. Richter, and A. Mangini
Clim. Past, 8, 1751–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1751-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1751-2012, 2012
R. Moschen, N. Kühl, S. Peters, H. Vos, and A. Lücke
Clim. Past, 7, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1011-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1011-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Claussen, M. and Gayler, V.: The greening of the Sahara during the mid-Holocene: results of an interactive atmosphere-biome model, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 6, 369–377, 1997.
de Menocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., and Yarusinsky, M.: Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 347–361, 2000.
Drake, N. A., Blench, R. M., Armitage, S. J., Bristow, C. S., and White, K. H.: Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 458–462, 2011.
Gasse, F.: Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 189–211, 2000.
Gebhardt, A.: CRAN – Package Ash, http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ash/index.html (28 March 2014), 2009.
Hoelzmann, P., Jolly, D., Harrison, S. P., Laarif, F., Bonnefille, R., and Pachur, H. J.: Mid-Holocene land-surface conditions in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula: A data set for the analysis of biogeophysical feedbacks in the climate system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 35–51, 1998.
Hoelzmann, P., Gasse, F., Dupont, L., Salzmann, U., Staubwasser, M., Leuschner, D. C., and Sirocko, F.: Palaeoenvironmental changes in the arid and subarid-belt (Sahara-Sahel-Arabian Peninsula) from 150 ka to present, in: Past Climate Variability Through Europe and Africa, edited by: Battarbee, R. W., Gasse, F., and Stickley, C. E., Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 219–256, 2004.
Krinner, G., Lézine, A. M., Braconnot, P., Sepulchre, P., Ramstein, G., Grenier, C., and Gouttevin, I.: A reassessment of lake and wetland feedbacks on the North African Holocene climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L07701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL050992, 2012.
Kröpelin, S., Verschuren, D., Lézine, A. M., Eggermont, H., Cocquyt, C., Francus, P., Cazet, J. P., Fagot, M., Rumes, B., Russell, J. M., Darius, F., Conley, D. J., Schuster, M., von Suchodoletz, H., and Engstrom, D. R.: Climate-driven ecosystem succession in the Sahara: The past 6000 years, Science, 320, 765–768, 2008.
Kühl, N., Gebhardt, C., Litt, T., and Hense, A.: Probability Density Functions as Botanical-Climatological TransferFunctions for Climate Reconstruction, Quaternary Research, 58, 381-392, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2380, 2002.
Kuper, R. and Kröpelin, S.: Climate-controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: motor of Africa's evolution, Science, 313, 803–807, 2006.
Lézine, A.-M., Hély, C., Grenier, C., Braconnot, P., and Krinner, G.: Sahara and Sahel vulnerability to climate changes, lessons from Holocene hydrological data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3001–3012, 2011a.
Lézine, A.-M., Zheng, W., Braconnot, P., and Krinner, G.: Late Holocene plant and climate evolution at Lake Yoa, northern Chad: pollen data and climate simulations, Clim. Past, 7, 1351–1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1351-2011, 2011b.
R Development Core Team: R: a language and environment for statistical computing, R Fundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org, 2007,
Street, F. A. and Grove, A. T.: Environmental and climatic implications of late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations in Africa, Nature, 261, 385–390, 1976.
Texier, D., de Noblet, N., Harrison, S. P., Haxeltine, A., Jolly, D., Joussaume, S., Laarif, F., Prentice, I. C., and Tarasov, P.: Quantifying the role of biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks in climate change: coupled model simulations for 6000 years BP and comparison with palaeodata for northern Eurasia and northern Africa, Clim. Dynam., 13, 865–882, 1997.
Trochain, J.: Ecologie végétale de la zone intertropicale, Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 468 pp., 1940.
Vincens, A., Lézine, A. M., Buchet, G., Lewden, D., Le Thomas, A., and Contributors: African pollen database inventory of tree and shrub pollen types, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 145, 135–141, 2007.
Watrin, J., Lézine, A.-M., Gajewski, K., and Vincens, A.: Pollen–plant–climate relationships in sub-Saharan Africa, J. Biogeogr., 34, 489–499, 2007.
Watrin, J., Lézine, A.-M., Hély, C., and contributors: Plant migration and ecosystems at the time of the "green Sahara", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences – Géosciences, 341, 656-670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.06.007, 2009.
White, F.: The vegetation map of Africa, UNESCO, Paris, 356 pp., 1983.
