Bown, T. M. and Kraus, M. J.: Time-stratigraphic reconstruction and integration of paleopedologic, sedimentologic, and biotic events (Willwood Formation, Lower Eocene, northwest Wyoming, USA), Palaios, 8, 68–80, 1993.
Bown, T. M., Holroyd, P. A., and Rose, K. D.: Mammal extinctions, body size, and paleotemperature, P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 1705–1709, 1994a.
Bown, T. M., Rose, K. D., Simons, E. L., and Wing, S. L.: Distribution and Stratigraphic Correlation of Upper Paleocene and Lower Eocene Fossil Mammal and Plant Localities of the Fort Union, Willwood, and Tatman Formations, Southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USGS Professional Paper 1540, Denver, 1994b.
Burger, B. J.: Northward range extension of a diminutive-sized mammal (Ectocion parvus) and the implication of body size change during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 363, 144–150, 2012.
Chen, I. C., Hill, J. K., Ohlemuller, R., Roy, D. B., and Thomas, C. D.: Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming, Science, 333, 1024–1026, 2011.
Chew, A. E.: Paleoecology of the early Eocene Willwood mammal fauna from the central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Paleobiology, 359, 13–31, 2009a.
Chew, A. E.: Early Eocene mammal faunal response to temperature change in the Bighorn Basin, WY, in: Climatic and Biotic Events of the Paleogene (CBEP 2009), GNS Science Miscellaneous Series 18, Wellington, NZ, 21–25, 2009b.
Chew, A. E. and Oheim, K. B.: The use of GIS to determine the effects of common taphonomic biases on paleoecological statistics of vertebrate fossil assemblages, Palaios, 24, 367–376, 2009.
Chew, A. E. and Oheim, K. B.: Diversity and climate change in the middle-late Wasatchian (early Eocene) Willwood Formation, central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 369, 67–78, 2013.
Chiarucci, A., Bacaro, G., Rocchini, D., and Fattorini, L.: Discovering and rediscovering the sample-based rarefaction formula in the ecological literature, Community Ecol., 9, 121–123, 2008.
Clementz, M., Bajpai, S., Ravikant, V., Thewissen, J. G. M., Saravanan, N., Singh, I. B., and Prasad, V.: Early Eocene warming events and the timing of terrestrial faunal exchange between India and Asia, Geology, 39, 15–18, 2011.
Clyde, W. C. and Gingerich, P. D.: Mammalian community response to the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: an isotaphonomic study in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Geology, 26, 1011–1014, 1998.
Clyde, W. C., Hamzi, W., Finarelli, J. A., Wing, S. L., Schankler, D., and Chew, A.: Basin-wide magneto stratigraphic framework for the bighorn basin, Wyoming, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 848–859, 2007.
Collinson, M. E., Hooker, J. J., and Grocke, D. R.: Cobham lignite bed and penecontemporaneous macrofloras of southern England: a record of vegetation and fire across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, in: Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S. L., Gingerich, P. D., Schmidtz, B., and Thomas, E., Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper 369, Boulder, CO, 333–350, 2003.
Colwell, R. K.: EstimateS 9.1: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples (Software and User's Guide), http://purl.oclc.org/estimates, 2013.
Colwell, R. K., Mao, C. X., and Chang, J.: Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves, Ecology, 85(10), 2717-2727, 2004.
Cramer, B. S., Wright, J. D., Kent, D. V., and Aubry, M.-P.: Orbital climate forcing of delta
13C excursions in the late Paleocene-early Eocene (chrons C24n-C25n), Paleoceanography, 18, 1097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000909, 2003.
Crist, T. O. and Veech, J. A.: Additive partitioning of rarefaction curves and species-area relationships: unifying alpha-, beta- and gamma diversity with sample size and habitat area, Ecol. Lett., 9, 923–932, 2006.
Currano, E. D., Wilf, P., Wing, S. L., Labandeira, C. C., Lovelock, E. C., and Royer, D. L.: Sharply increased insect herbivory during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 1960–1964, 2008.
D'Ambrosia, A. R., Clyde, W. C., Fricke, H. C., and Gingerich, P. D.: Repetitive mammalian dwarfism associated with early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. It., 31, 52–53, 2014.
Foden, W., Midgley, G. F., Hughes, G., Bond, W. J., Thuiller, W., Hoffman, M. T., Kaleme, P., Underhill, L. G., Rebelo, A., and Hannah, L.: A changing climate is eroding the geographical range of the Namib Desert tree Aloe through population declines and dispersal lags, Diversity and Distributions, 13, 645–653, 2007.
Foote, M.: Rarefaction analysis of morphological and taxonomic diversity, Paleobiology, 18, 1–16, 1992.
Foote, M.: Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: general problems, Paleobiology, 26 (Supplement to no. 4), 74–102, 2000.
Foreman, B. Z.: Climate-driven generation of a fluvial sheet sand body at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in north-west Wyoming (USA), Basin Res., 26, 225–241, 2014.
Foster, L. C., Schmidt, D. N., Thomas, E., Arndt, S., and Ridgwell, A.: Surviving rapid climate change in the deep sea during the Paleogene hyperthermals, P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9273–9276, 2013.
Fricke, H. C. and Wing, S. L.: Oxygen isotope and paleobotanical estimates of temperature and delta(18) O-latitude gradients over North America during the Early Eocene: Am. J. Sci., 304, 612–635, 2004.
Gibbs, S. J., Bown, P. R., Murphy, B. H., Sluijs, A., Edgar, K. M., Pälike, H., Bolton, C. T., and Zachos, J. C.: Scaled biotic disruption during early Eocene global warming events, Biogeosciences, 9, 4679–4688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4679-2012, 2012.
Gingerich, P. D.: New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage, University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1989.
Gingerich, P. D.: Biostratigraphy of the continental Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval on Polecat bench in the northern Bighorn Basin, in: Paleocene-Eocene stratigraphy and biotic change in the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins, Wyoming, edited by: Gingerich, P. D., University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology Volume 33, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 37–71, 2001.
Gingerich, P. D.: Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 246–253, 2006.
Gingerich, P. D. and Smith, T.: Paleocene-Eocene land mammals from three new latest Clarkforkian and earliest Wasatchian wash sites at Polecat Bench in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 31, 245–303, 2006.
Gotelli, N. J. and Colwell, R. K.: Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness, Ecol. Lett., 4, 379–391, 2001.
Holland, S.: Analytic Rarefaction 1.3 (Software and User's Guide), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2003.
Hurlburt, S. H.: The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters, Ecology, 52, 577–586, 1971.
Koch, P. L., Clyde, W. C., Hepple, R. P., Fogel, M. L., Wing, S. L., and Zachos, J. C.: Carbon and oxygen isotope records from paleosols spanning the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, in: Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S. L., Gingerich, P. D., Schmidtz, B., and Thomas, E., Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper 369, Boulder, CO, 49–64, 2003.
Kraus, M. J. and Riggins, S.: Transient drying during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM): Analysis of paleosols in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 245, 444–461, 2007.
Kraus, M. J., McInerney, F. A., Wing, S. L., Secord, R., Baczynski, A. A., and Bloch, J. I.: Paleohydrologic response to continental warming during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 370, 196–208, 2013.
Lourens, L. J., Sluijs, A., Kroon, D., Zachos, J. C., Thomas, E., Rohl, U., Bowles, J., and Raffi, I.: Astronomical pacing of late Palaeocene to early Eocene global warming events, Nature, 435, 1083–1087, 2005.
Luterbacher, H., Hardenbol, J., and Schmitz, B.: Decision of the voting members of the International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy on the criterion for the recognition of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, Newsl. Int. Subcomm. Paleogene Stratigr., 9, 13 pp., 2000.
Magurran, A. E.: Measuring Biological Diversity, Wiley-Blackwell, Indianapolis, IN, 2004.
McInerney, F. A. and Wing, S. L.: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 39, 489–516, 2011.
Nicolo, M., Dickens, G. R., Hollis, C. J., and Zachos, J. C.: Multiple early Eocene hyperthermals: their sedimentary expression on the New Zealand continental margin and in the deep sea, Geology, 35, 699–702, 2007.
Olszewski, T. D.: A unified mathematical framework for the measurement of richness and evenness within and among multiple communities, Oikos, 104, 377–387, 2004.
Rose, K. D., Chester, S. G. B., Dunn, R. H., Boyer, D. M., and Bloch, J. I.: New Fossils of the Oldest North American Euprimate Teilhardina brandti (Omomyidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 146, 281–305, 2011.
Rose, K. D., Chew, A. E., Dunn, R. H., Kraus, M. J., Fricke, H. C., and Zack, S. P.: Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology Volume 36, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2012.
Samanta, A., Bera, M. K., Ghosh, R., Bera, S., Filley, T., Pande, K., Rathore, S. S., Rai, J., and Sarkar, A.: Do the large carbon isotopic excursions in terrestrial organic matter across Paleocene-Eocene boundary in India indicate intensification of tropical precipitation?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 387, 91–103, 2013.
Sanders, H. L.: Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study, Am. Nat., 102, 243–282, 1968.
Schankler, D.: Faunal zonation of the Willwood Formation in the central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, in: Early Cenozoic Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, edited by: Gingerich, P. D., University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology Volume 24, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 99–114, 1980.
Secord, R., Gingerich, P. D., Lohmann, K. C., and MacLeod, K. G.: Continental warming preceding the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Nature, 467, 955–958, 2010.
Secord, R., Bloch, J. I., Chester, S. G. B., Boyer, D. M., Wood, A. R., Wing, S. L., Kraus, M. J., McInerney, F. A., and Krigbaum, J.: Evolution of the earliest horses driven by climate change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Science 335, 959–962, 2012.
Sexton, P. F., Norris, R. D., Wilson, P. A., Palike, H., Westerhold, T., Rohl, U., Bolton, C. T., and Gibbs, S.: Eocene global warming events driven by ventilation of oceanic dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 471, 349–353, 2011.
Silcox, M. T., Rose, K. D., and Chew, A.: Early Eocene microsyopine microsyopids (Mammalia, Primates) from the southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming: evidence for cladogenetic speciation and evolutionary response to climate change, J. Vertebr. Paleontol. Abstracts, 74th Annual Meeting, 230, 2014.
Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Donders, T. H., Schoon, P. L., Rohl, U., Reichart, G.-J., Sangiorgi, F., Kim, J.-H., Sinninghe Damste, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Warm and wet conditions in the Arctic region during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2, Nature Geosci., 2, 777–780, 2009.
Smith, J. J., Hasiotis, S. T., Kraus, M. J., and Woody, D. T.: Transient dwarfism of soil fauna during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 17655–17660, 2009.
Smith, M. E., Singer, B., and Carroll, A.:
40Ar /
39Ar geochronology of the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming: Reply, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116, 253–256, 2004.
Snell, K. E., Thrasher, B. L., Eiler, J. M., Koch, P. L., Sloan, L. C., and Tabor, N. J.: Hot summers in the Bighorn Basin during the early Paleogene, Geology, 41, 55–58, 2013.
Snell, K. E., Fricke, H. C., Clyde, W. C., and Eiler, J. M.: Large temperature changes on land during Early Eocene hyperthermals, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. It., 31, 204–205, 2014.
Stap, L., Lourens, L. J., Thomas, E., Sluijs, A., Bohaty, S., and Zachos, J. C.: High-resolution deep-sea carbon and oxygen isotope records of Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 and H2, Geology, 38, 607–610, 2010.
Stassen, P., Steurbaut, E., Morsi, A. M. M., Schulte, P., and Speijer, R. P.: Biotic impact of Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 in a shelf setting (Dababiya, Egypt), Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 105, 154–160, 2012.
Tsukui, K. and Clyde, W. C.: Fine-tuning the calibration of the early to middle Eocene geomagnetic polarity time scale: Paleomagnetism of radioisotopically dated tuffs from Laramide foreland basins, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 124, 870–885, 2012.
VanDeVelde, J. H., Bowen, G. J., Passey, B. H., and Bowen, B. B.: Climatic and diagenetic signals in the stable isotope geochemistry of dolomitic paleosols spanning the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 109, 254–267, 2013.
Wilf, P.: Late Paleocene-early Eocene climatic changes in south-western Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 292–307, 2000.
Wing, S. L., Bao, H., and Koch, P. L.: An early Eocene cool period? Evidence for continental cooling during the warmest part of the Cenozoic, in: Warm Climates in Earth History, edited by: Huber, B. T., MacLeod, K. G., and Wing, S. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 197–237, 2000.
Wing, S. L., Harrington, G. J., Smith, F. A., Bloch, J. I., Boyer, D. M., and Freeman, K. H.: Transient floral change and rapid global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Science, 310, 993–996, 2005.
Wood, H. E.: Nomenclature and correlation of the North American continental Tertiary, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 52, 1–48, 1941.
Yans, J., Strait, S. G., Smith, T., Dupuis, C., Steurbaut, E., and Gingerich, P. D.: High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy and mammalian faunal change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Honeycombs area of the southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Am. J. Sci., 306, 712–735, 2006.
Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686–693, 2001.
Zachos, J. C., Rohl, U., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., Hodell, D. A., Kelly, D. C., Thomas, E., Nicolo, M., Raffi, I., Lourens, L. J., McCarren, H., and Kroon, D.: Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Science, 308, 1611–1615, 2005.
