Articles | Volume 15, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-121-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-121-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jan 2019
Research article |
| 17 Jan 2019
| 17 Jan 2019
The Antarctic Ice Sheet response to glacial millennial-scale variability
Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Ilaria Tabone
Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Jorge Alvarez-Solas
Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Alexander Robinson
Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Marisa Montoya
Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Related authors
Antonio Juarez-Martinez, Javier Blasco, Alexander Robinson, Marisa Montoya, and Jorge Alvarez-Solas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2863, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2863, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present sea-level projections for Antarctica in the context of ISMIP6-2300 with several forcings, but extending the simulations until 2500, and showing that more than 3 metres of sea level contribution could be reached. We also test the sensitivity on a basal melting parameter and determine the timing of the loss of ice in the west region. All the simulations were carried out with the ice-sheet model Yelmo.
Javier Blasco, Ilaria Tabone, Daniel Moreno-Parada, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Frank Pattyn, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-76, 2023
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assess Antarctic tipping points which may had been crossed during the mid-pliocene warm period. For this we use data from the PlioMIP2 ensemble. Additionally, we investigate various sources of uncertainty, like ice dynamics and bedrock configuration. Our research significantly enhances our comprehension of Antarctica's response to a warming climate, shedding light on potential future tipping points that may be surpassed.
Daniel Moreno-Parada, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Javier Blasco, Marisa Montoya, and Alexander Robinson
The Cryosphere, 17, 2139–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2139-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2139-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have reconstructed the Laurentide Ice Sheet, located in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 000 years ago). The absence of direct measurements raises a number of uncertainties. Here we study the impact of different physical laws that describe the friction as the ice slides over its base. We found that the Laurentide Ice Sheet is closest to prior reconstructions when the basal friction takes into account whether the base is frozen or thawed during its motion.
Javier Blasco, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Alexander Robinson, and Marisa Montoya
The Cryosphere, 15, 215–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-215-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-215-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the Last Glacial Maximum the Antarctic Ice Sheet was larger and more extended than at present. However, neither its exact position nor the total ice volume are well constrained. Here we investigate how the different climatic boundary conditions, as well as basal friction configurations, affect the size and extent of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and discuss its potential implications.
Ilaria Tabone, Javier Blasco, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past, 14, 455–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-455-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-455-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The response of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to palaeo-oceanic changes on a glacial–interglacial timescale is studied from a modelling perspective. A 3-D hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model which includes a parameterization of the basal melting rate at the GrIS marine margins is used. The results show that the oceanic forcing plays a key role in the GrIS evolution, not only by controlling the ice retreat during the deglaciation but also by driving the ice expansion in glacial periods.
Therese Rieckh, Andreas Born, Alexander Robinson, Robert Law, and Gerrit Gülle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3127, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3127, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the open-source model ELSA, which simulates the internal age structure of large ice sheets. ELSA is used coupled to a full ice sheet model and creates individual layers of accumulation with fixed time stamps during the simulation, modeling the internal stratification of the ice sheet. Together with reconstructed isochrones from radiostratigraphy data, ELSA can be used to assess ice sheet models and to improve their parametrization.
Antonio Juarez-Martinez, Javier Blasco, Alexander Robinson, Marisa Montoya, and Jorge Alvarez-Solas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2863, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2863, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present sea-level projections for Antarctica in the context of ISMIP6-2300 with several forcings, but extending the simulations until 2500, and showing that more than 3 metres of sea level contribution could be reached. We also test the sensitivity on a basal melting parameter and determine the timing of the loss of ice in the west region. All the simulations were carried out with the ice-sheet model Yelmo.
Jan Swierczek-Jereczek, Marisa Montoya, Konstantin Latychev, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Jerry Mitrovica
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2869, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheets present a thickness of a few kilometres, leading to a vertical deformation of the crust of up to a kilometre. This process depends on properties of the solid Earth, which can be regionally very different. We propose a model that accounts for this often ignored heterogeneity and runs 100,000 simulation years in only minutes. Thus, the evolution of ice sheets is modelled with better accuracy, which is critical for a good mitigation of climate change and, in particular, sea-level rise.
Daniel Moreno-Parada, Alexander Robinson, Marisa Montoya, and Jorge Alvarez-Solas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2690, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce Nix, an ice-sheet model designed for understanding how large masses of ice behave. Nix as a computer program that simulates the movement and temperature changes in ice sheets. Nix helps us study how ice sheets respond to changes in the atmosphere and ocean. We found that how fast ice melts under the shelves and how heat is exchanged, play a role in determining the future of ice sheets. Nix is a useful tool for learning more about how climate change affects polar ice sheets.
Javier Blasco, Ilaria Tabone, Daniel Moreno-Parada, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Frank Pattyn, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-76, 2023
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assess Antarctic tipping points which may had been crossed during the mid-pliocene warm period. For this we use data from the PlioMIP2 ensemble. Additionally, we investigate various sources of uncertainty, like ice dynamics and bedrock configuration. Our research significantly enhances our comprehension of Antarctica's response to a warming climate, shedding light on potential future tipping points that may be surpassed.
Daniel Moreno-Parada, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Javier Blasco, Marisa Montoya, and Alexander Robinson
The Cryosphere, 17, 2139–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2139-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2139-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have reconstructed the Laurentide Ice Sheet, located in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 000 years ago). The absence of direct measurements raises a number of uncertainties. Here we study the impact of different physical laws that describe the friction as the ice slides over its base. We found that the Laurentide Ice Sheet is closest to prior reconstructions when the basal friction takes into account whether the base is frozen or thawed during its motion.
Matteo Willeit, Andrey Ganopolski, Alexander Robinson, and Neil R. Edwards
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5905–5948, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5905-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5905-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present the climate component of the newly developed fast Earth system model CLIMBER-X. It has a horizontal resolution of 5°x5° and is designed to simulate the evolution of the Earth system on temporal scales ranging from decades to >100 000 years. CLIMBER-X is available as open-source code and is expected to be a useful tool for studying past climate changes and for the investigation of the long-term future evolution of the climate.
Daniel Moreno, Alexander Robinson, Marisa Montoya, and Jorge Alvarez-Solas
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-97, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-97, 2022
Revised manuscript under review for TC
Short summary
Short summary
Our study tries to understand how the ice temperature evolves in a large mass as in the case of Antarctica. We found a relation that tells us the ice temperature at any point. These results are important because they also determine how the ice moves. In general, ice moves due to slow deformation (as if pouring honey from a jar). Nevertheless, in some regions the ice base warms enough and melts. The liquid water then serves as lubricant and the ice slides and its velocity increases rapidly.
Alexander Robinson, Daniel Goldberg, and William H. Lipscomb
The Cryosphere, 16, 689–709, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we investigate the numerical stability of several commonly used methods in order to determine which of them are capable of resolving the complex physics of the ice flow and are also computationally efficient. We find that the so-called DIVA solver outperforms the others. Its representation of the physics is consistent with more complex methods, while it remains computationally efficient at high resolution.
Andreas Born and Alexander Robinson
The Cryosphere, 15, 4539–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice penetrating radar reflections from the Greenland ice sheet are the best available record of past accumulation and how these layers have been deformed over time by the flow of ice. Direct simulations of this archive hold great promise for improving our models and for uncovering details of ice sheet dynamics that neither models nor data could achieve alone. We present the first three-dimensional ice sheet model that explicitly simulates individual layers of accumulation and how they deform.
Javier Blasco, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Alexander Robinson, and Marisa Montoya
The Cryosphere, 15, 215–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-215-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-215-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the Last Glacial Maximum the Antarctic Ice Sheet was larger and more extended than at present. However, neither its exact position nor the total ice volume are well constrained. Here we investigate how the different climatic boundary conditions, as well as basal friction configurations, affect the size and extent of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and discuss its potential implications.
Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Marisa Montoya, Heiko Goelzer, Ralf Greve, and Catherine Ritz
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2805–2823, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2805-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2805-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we describe Yelmo v1.0, an intuitive and state-of-the-art hybrid ice sheet model. The model design and physics are described, and benchmark simulations are provided to validate its performance. Yelmo is a versatile ice sheet model that can be applied to a wide variety of problems.
Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Marisa Montoya, and Alexander Robinson
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-96, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-96, 2019
Publication in CP not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling the past abrupt climate changes often resorts to the use of freshwater flux (FWF) in the North Atlantic as an effective method to cause reorganizations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This procedure has allowed to reproduce the timing of the events. However, the required FWF is inconsistent with reconstructions. Conversely, using a forcing derived from the sea-level record results in a poor fit with the data, highlighting the need of exploring other mechanisms.
Ilaria Tabone, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Marisa Montoya
The Cryosphere, 13, 1911–1923, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1911-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1911-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent reconstructions show that the North East Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) retreated away from its present-day position by 20–40 km during MIS-3. Atmospheric and external forcings were proposed as potential causes of this retreat, but the role of the ocean was not considered. Here, using a 3-D ice-sheet model, we suggest that oceanic warming is sufficient to induce a retreat of the NEGIS margin of many tens of kilometres during MIS-3, helping to explain this conundrum.
Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Rubén Banderas, Alexander Robinson, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past, 15, 957–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-957-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-957-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The last glacial period was marked by the existence of of abrupt climatic changes; it is generally accepted that the presence of ice sheets played an important role in their occurrence. While an important effort has been made to investigate the dynamics and evolution of the Laurentide ice sheet during this period, the Eurasian ice sheet (EIS) has not received much attention. Here we investigate the response of the EIS to millennial-scale climate variability using a hybrid 3-D ice-sheet model.
Ilaria Tabone, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past, 15, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-593-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-593-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By using a 3-D hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model, we investigate the impact of millennial-scale oceanic variability on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) evolution during the last glacial period (LGP). We show that the GrIS may have strongly reacted to oceanic temperature fluctuations associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles, contributing to sea-level variations of more than 1 m. Our results open the chance for a non-negligible role of the GrIS in millennial-scale oceanic reorganisations during the LGP.
Rubén Banderas, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Alexander Robinson, and Marisa Montoya
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2299–2314, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2299-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2299-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a new approach to force ice-sheet models offline, which accounts for a more realistic treatment of millennial-scale climate variability as compared to the existing methods. Our results reveal that an incorrect representation of the characteristic pattern of millennial-scale climate variability within the climate forcing not only affects NH ice-volume variations at millennial timescales but has consequences for glacial–interglacial ice-volume changes too.
Ilaria Tabone, Javier Blasco, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past, 14, 455–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-455-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-455-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The response of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to palaeo-oceanic changes on a glacial–interglacial timescale is studied from a modelling perspective. A 3-D hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model which includes a parameterization of the basal melting rate at the GrIS marine margins is used. The results show that the oceanic forcing plays a key role in the GrIS evolution, not only by controlling the ice retreat during the deglaciation but also by driving the ice expansion in glacial periods.
Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Rubén Banderas, Alexander Robinson, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-143, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-143, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The last glacial period was marked by the existence of of abrupt climatic changes. It is generally accepted that the presence of ice sheets played an
important role in their occurrence. While an important effort has been made to investigate the dynamics and evolution of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during this period, the Eurasian Ice Sheet (EIS) has not received much attention. Here we investigate the response of the EIS to millennial-scale climate variability. We use a hybrid 3D ice-sheet model.
Mario Krapp, Alexander Robinson, and Andrey Ganopolski
The Cryosphere, 11, 1519–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1519-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1519-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present the snowpack model SEMIC. It calculates snow height, surface temperature, surface albedo, and the surface mass balance of snow- and ice-covered surfaces while using meteorological data as input. In this paper we describe how SEMIC works and how well it compares with snowpack data of a more sophisticated regional climate model applied to the Greenland ice sheet. Because of its simplicity and efficiency, SEMIC can be used as a coupling interface between atmospheric and ice sheet models.
A. Robinson and M. Perrette
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1877–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1877-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1877-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a concise interface to the NetCDF library designed to simplify reading and writing tasks of up to 6-D arrays in Fortran programs.
R. Calov, A. Robinson, M. Perrette, and A. Ganopolski
The Cryosphere, 9, 179–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-179-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-179-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Ice discharge into the ocean from outlet glaciers is an important
component of mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet. Here, we present a
simple parameterization of ice discharge for coarse resolution ice
sheet models, suitable for large ensembles or long-term palaeo
simulations. This parameterization reproduces in a good approximation
the present-day ice discharge compared with estimates, and the
simulation of the present-day ice sheet elevation is considerably
improved.
A. Robinson and H. Goelzer
The Cryosphere, 8, 1419–1428, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1419-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1419-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Ice Dynamics | Archive: Modelling only | Timescale: Millenial/D-O
Sensitivity of Heinrich-type ice-sheet surge characteristics to boundary forcing perturbations
Ocean-driven millennial-scale variability of the Eurasian ice sheet during the last glacial period simulated with a hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model
Impact of millennial-scale oceanic variability on the Greenland ice-sheet evolution throughout the last glacial period
The role of basal hydrology in the surging of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Clemens Schannwell, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Florian Ziemen, and Marie-Luise Kapsch
Clim. Past, 19, 179–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heinrich-type ice-sheet surges are recurring events over the course of the last glacial cycle during which large numbers of icebergs are discharged from the Laurentide ice sheet into the ocean. These events alter the evolution of the global climate. Here, we use model simulations of the Laurentide ice sheet to identify and quantify the importance of various climate and ice-sheet parameters for the simulated surge cycle.
Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Rubén Banderas, Alexander Robinson, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past, 15, 957–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-957-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-957-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The last glacial period was marked by the existence of of abrupt climatic changes; it is generally accepted that the presence of ice sheets played an important role in their occurrence. While an important effort has been made to investigate the dynamics and evolution of the Laurentide ice sheet during this period, the Eurasian ice sheet (EIS) has not received much attention. Here we investigate the response of the EIS to millennial-scale climate variability using a hybrid 3-D ice-sheet model.
Ilaria Tabone, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Marisa Montoya
Clim. Past, 15, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-593-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-593-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By using a 3-D hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model, we investigate the impact of millennial-scale oceanic variability on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) evolution during the last glacial period (LGP). We show that the GrIS may have strongly reacted to oceanic temperature fluctuations associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles, contributing to sea-level variations of more than 1 m. Our results open the chance for a non-negligible role of the GrIS in millennial-scale oceanic reorganisations during the LGP.
William H. G. Roberts, Antony J. Payne, and Paul J. Valdes
Clim. Past, 12, 1601–1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1601-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1601-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
There are observations from ocean sediment cores that during the last ice age the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which sat over North America, periodically surged. In this study we show the role that water at the base of an ice sheet plays in these surges. We show that with a more realistic representation of water drainage at the base of the ice sheet than usually used, these surges can still occur and that they are triggered by an internal ice sheet instability; no external trigger is needed.
Cited articles
Alvarez-Solas, J., Charbit, S., Ramstein, G., Paillard, D., Dumas, C., Ritz,
C., and Roche, D. M.: Millennial-scale oscillations in the Southern Ocean in
response to atmospheric CO 2 increase, Global Planet. Change, 76,
128–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.004, 2011. a
Alvarez-Solas, J., Robinson, A., Montoya, M., and Ritz, C.: Iceberg discharges
of the last glacial period driven by oceanic circulation changes,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 16350–16354,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306622110, 2013. a, b, c
Alvarez-Solas, J., Banderas, R., Robinson, A., and Montoya, M.: Oceanic forcing of the Eurasian Ice Sheet on millennial time
scales during the Last Glacial Period, Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-143, 2017. a, b
Anderson, J. B., Shipp, S. S., Lowe, A. L., Wellner, J. S., and Mosola, A. B.:
The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent
retreat history: a review, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 49–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00083-X, 2002. a
Andrews, J. T. and Voelker, A. H.: “Heinrich Events” (& sediments): A
history of terminology and recommendations for future usage, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 187, 31–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.017, 2018. a
Arz, H. W., Lamy, F., Ganopolski, A., Nowaczyk, N., and Pätzold, J.:
Dominant Northern Hemisphere climate control over millennial-scale glacial
sea-level variability, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 312–321,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.016, 2007. a, b
Augustin, L., Barbante, C., Barnes, P. R., Barnola, J. M., Bigler, M.,
Castellano, E., Cattani, O., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Delmonte, B.,
Dreyfus, G., Durand, G., Falourd, S., Fischer, H., Fluckiger, J., Hansson, M.
E., Huybrechts, P., Jugie, G., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Kaufmann, P.,
Kipfstuhl, J., Lambert, F., Lipenkov, V. Y., Littot, G. C., Longinelli, A.,
Lorrain, R., Maggi, V., Masson-Delmotte, V., Miller, H., Mulvaney, R.,
Oerlemans, J., Oerter, H., Orombelli, G., Parrenin, F., Peel, D. A., Petit,
J.-R., Raynaud, D., Ritz, C., Ruth, U., Schwander, J., Siegenthaler, U.,
Souchez, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F.,
Tabacco, I. E., Udisti, R., van der Wal, R. S., van den Broeke, M., Weiss,
J., Willhelms, F., Winther, J.-G., Wolff, E. W., and Zucchelli, M.: Eight
glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429,
623–628, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02599, 2004. a
Bakker, A. M., Wong, T. E., Ruckert, K. L., and Keller, K.: Sea-level
projections representing the deeply uncertain contribution of the West
Antarctic ice sheet, Sci. Rep., 7, 3880,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04134-5, 2017a. a, b
Bakker, A. M. R., Louchard, D., and Keller, K.: Sources and implications of
deep uncertainties surrounding sea-level projections, Climatic Change, 140,
339–347, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1864-1, 2017b. a
Bamber, J. L., Riva, R. E., Vermeersen, B. L., and LeBrocq, A. M.:
Reassessment of the potential sea-level rise from a collapse of the West
Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science, 324, 901–903, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169335,
2009. a
Banderas, R., Alvarez-Solas, J., Robinson, A., and Montoya, M.: A new approach for simulating the paleo-evolution of the Northern Hemisphere ice
sheets, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2299–2314, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2299-2018, 2018. a, b
Barker, S., Chen, J., Gong, X., Jonkers, L., Knorr, G., and Thornalley, D.:
Icebergs not the trigger for North Atlantic cold events, Nature, 520, 333–336,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14330, 2015. a
Beckmann, A. and Goosse, H.: A parameterization of ice shelf–ocean
interaction for climate models, Ocean Model., 5, 157–170,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00019-7, 2003. a
Bentley, M. J., Cofaigh, C. O., Anderson, J. B., Conway, H., Davies, B.,
Graham, A. G., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Hodgson, D. A., Jamieson, S. S., Larter,
R. D., Mackintosh, A., Smith, J. A., Verleyen, E., Ackert, R. P., Bart, P.
J., Berg, S., Brunstein, D., Canals, M., Colhoun, E. A., Crosta, X., Dickens,
W. A., Domack, E., Dowdeswell, J. A., Dunbar, R., Ehrmann, W., Evans, J.,
Favier, V., Fink, D., Fogwill, C. J., Glasser, N. F., Gohl, K., Golledge, N.
R., Goodwin, I., Gore, D. B., Greenwood, S. L., Hall, B. L., Hall, K.,
Hedding, D. W., Hein, A. S., Hocking, E. P., Jakobsson, M., Johnson, J. S.,
Jomelli, V., Jones, R. S., Klages, J. P., Kristoffersen, Y., Kuhn, G.,
Leventer, A., Licht, K., Lilly, K., Lindow, J., Livingstone, S. J.,
Massé, G., McGlone, M. S., McKay, R. M., Melles, M., Miura, H., Mulvaney,
R., Nela, W., Nitsche, F. O., O'Brien, P. E., Post, A. L., Roberts, S. J.,
Saunders, K. M., Selkirk, P. M., Simms, A. R., Spiegel, C., Stolldorf, T. D.,
Sugden, D. E., van der Putten, N., van Ommen, T., Verfaillie, D., Vyverman,
W., Wagner, B., White, D. A., Witus, A. E., and Zwartz, D.: A
community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice
Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 100, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.025, 2014. a
Blunier, T. and Brook, E. J.: Timing of millennial-scale climate change in
Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period, Science, 291,
109–112, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.109, 2001. a
Böhm, E., Lippold, J., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Blaser, P., Antz, B.,
Fohlmeister, J., Frank, N., Andersen, M., and Deininger, M.: Strong and deep
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial cycle,
Nature, 517, 73–76, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14059, 2015. a
Buizert, C., Adrian, B., Ahn, J., Albert, M., Alley, R. B., Baggenstos, D.,
Bauska, T. K., Bay, R. C., Bencivengo, B. B., Bentley, C. R., Brook, E. J.,
Chellman, N. J., Clow, G. D., Cole-Dai, J., Conway, H., Cravens, E., Cuffey,
K. M., Dunbar, N. W., Edwards, J. S., Fegyveresi, J. M., Ferris, D. G.,
Fitzpatrick, J. J., Fudge, T. J., Gibson, C. J., Gkinis, V., Goetz, J. J.,
Gregory, S., Hargreaves, G. M., Iverson, N., Johnson, J. A., Jones, T. R.,
Kalk, M. L., Kippenhan, M. J., Koffman, B. G., Kreutz, K., Kuhl, T. W.,
Lebar, D. A., Lee, J. E., Marcott, S. A., Markle, B. R., Maselli, O. J.,
McConnell, J. R., McGwire, K. C., Mitchell, L. E., Mortensen, N. B., Neff, P.
D., Nishiizumi, K., Nunn, R. M., Orsi, A. J., Pasteris, D. R., Pedro, J. B.,
Pettit, E. C., Price, P. B., Priscu, J. C., Rhodes, R. H., Rosen, J. L.,
Schauer, A. J., Schoenemann, S. W., Sendelbach, P. J., Severinghaus, J. P.,
Shturmakov, A. J., Sigl, M., Slawny, K. R., Souney, J. M., Sowers, T. A.,
Spencer, M. K., Steig, E. J., Taylor, K. C., Twickler, M. S., Vaughn, B. H.,
Voigt, D. E., Waddington, E. D., Welten, K. C., Wendricks, A. W., White, J.
W. C., Winstrup, M., Wong, G. J., and Woodruf, T. E.:
Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate change during the last ice
age, Nature, 520, 661–665, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14401, 2015. a
Collins, M., Knutti, R., Arblaster, J. M., Dufresne, J. L., Fichefet, T.,
Friedlingstein, P., Gao, X., Gutowski, W. J., Johns, T., Krinner, G.,
Shongwe, M., Tebaldi, C., Weaver, A. J., and Wehner, M.: Climate Change 2013:
The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T., Qin, D., Plattner, G., Tignor, M. M. B., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge
Univ. Press, 1029–1136, 2013. a
Crowley, T. J.: North Atlantic deep water cools the Southern Hemisphere,
Paleoceanography, 7, 489–497, https://doi.org/10.1029/92PA01058, 1992. a, b
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S., Clausen, H., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N.,
Hammer, C., Hvidberg, C., Steffensen, J., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A., Jouzel,
J., and Bond, G.: Evidence for general instability of past climate from a
250-kyr
ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218–20, https://doi.org/10.1038/364218a0, 1993. a
DeConto, R. M. and Pollard, D.: Contribution of Antarctica to past and future
sea-level rise, Nature, 531, 591–597, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17145, 2016. a, b
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S., Simmons, A., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S.,
Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A.
C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R.,
Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Holm,
E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Kohler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P.,
Monge Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P.,
Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim
reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011. a
Denton, G. H. and Hughes, T. J.: Reconstructing the Antarctic ice sheet at the
Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 193–202,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00090-7, 2002. a
EPICA Community Members: One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability
in Greenland and Antarctica, Nature, 444, 195–198, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05301,
2006. a
Favier, L., Durand, G., Cornford, S. L., Gudmundsson, G. H., Gagliardini, O.,
Gillet-Chaulet, F., Zwinger, T., Payne, A., and Le Brocq, A. M.: Retreat of
Pine Island Glacier controlled by marine ice-sheet instability, Nat.
Clim. Change, 4, 117–121, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2094, 2014. a
Feldmann, J. and Levermann, A.: Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet after
local destabilization of the Amundsen Basin, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 14191–14196, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512482112,
2015. a
Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D.,
Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R.,
Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W.,
Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P.,
Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J.,
Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A.,
Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013. a, b
Frigola, J., Canals, M., Cacho, I., Moreno, A., Sierro, F. J., Flores, J. A., Berné, S., Jouet, G., Dennielou, B., Herrera, G.,
Pasqual, C., Grimalt, J. O., Galavazi, M., and Schneider, R.: A 500 kyr record of global sea-level oscillations in the Gulf of Lion,
Mediterranean Sea: new insights into MIS 3 sea-level variability, Clim. Past, 8, 1067–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1067-2012, 2012. a
Fürst, J. J., Durand, G., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Tavard, L., Rankl, M., Braun,
M., and Gagliardini, O.: The safety band of Antarctic ice shelves, Nat.
Clim. Change, 6, 479–482, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2912, 2016. a
Ganopolski, A. and Rahmstorf, S.: Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated
in a coupled climate model, Nature, 409, 153–158, https://doi.org/10.1038/35051500, 2001. a
Ganopolski, A., Calov, R., and Claussen, M.: Simulation of the last glacial cycle with a coupled climate ice-sheet model
of intermediate complexity, Clim. Past, 6, 229–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-229-2010, 2010. a
Golledge, N. R., Kowalewski, D. E., Naish, T. R., Levy, R. H., Fogwill, C. J.,
and Gasson, E. G.: The multi-millennial Antarctic commitment to future
sea-level rise, Nature, 526, 421–425, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15706, 2015. a, b, c
Grant, K., Rohling, E., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Medina-Elizalde, M.,
Ramsey, C. B., Satow, C., and Roberts, A.: Rapid coupling between ice volume
and polar temperature over the past 150,000 years, Nature, 491, 744–747,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11593, 2012. a, b
Hemming, S. R.: Heinrich events: Massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of
the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint, Rev. Geophys.,
42, RG1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RG000128, 2004. a, b
Henry, L., McManus, J. F., Curry, W. B., Roberts, N. L., Piotrowski, A. M., and
Keigwin, L. D.: North Atlantic ocean circulation and abrupt climate change
during the last glaciation, Science, 353, 470–474,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5529, 2016. a
Hillenbrand, C.-D., Melles, M., Kuhn, G., and Larter, R. D.: Marine geological
constraints for the grounding-line position of the Antarctic Ice Sheet on the
southern Weddell Sea shelf at the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 32, 25–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.017, 2012. a
Hutter, K.: Theoretical glaciology; material science of ice and the mechanics
of glaciers and ice sheets, D. Reidel Publishing Co./Tokyo, Terra
Scintific Publishing Co, 1983. a
Jacobs, S. S., Jenkins, A., Giulivi, C. F., and Dutrieux, P.: Stronger ocean
circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf,
Nat. Geosci., 4, 519–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1188, 2011. a
Kim, S., Yoo, K.-C., Lee, J. I., Lee, M. K., Kim, K., Yoon, H. I., and Moon,
H. S.: Relationship between magnetic susceptibility and sediment grain size
since the last glacial period in the Southern Ocean off the northern
Antarctic Peninsula–Linkages between the cryosphere and atmospheric
circulation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,
505, 359–370, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.016, 2018. a
Kusahara, K., Sato, T., Oka, A., Obase, T., Greve, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., and
Hasumi, H.: Modelling the Antarctic marine cryosphere at the Last Glacial
Maximum, Ann. Glaciol., 56, 425–435, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG69A792,
2015. a, b
Liu, J., Milne, G. A., Kopp, R. E., Clark, P. U., and Shennan, I.: Sea-level
constraints on the amplitude and source distribution of Meltwater Pulse 1A,
Nat. Geosci., 9, 130–134, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2616, 2016. a
MacAyeal, D. R.: Large-scale ice flow over a viscous basal sediment: Theory
and application to ice stream B, Antarctica, J. Geophys.
Res., 94, 4071–4087, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB04p04071, 1989. a
Marcott, S. A., Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., and Mix, A. C.: A reconstruction
of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years, Science, 339,
1198–1201, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228026, 2013. a
Martin, T., Park, W., and Latif, M.: Multi-centennial variability controlled
by Southern Ocean convection in the Kiel Climate Model, Clim. Dynam.,
40, 2005–2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1586-7, 2013. a
Martin, T., Steele, M., and Zhang, J.: Seasonality and long-term trend of
Arctic Ocean surface stress in a model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 1723–1738, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009425, 2014. a
Martín-Español, A., Zammit-Mangion, A., Clarke, P. J., Flament, T.,
Helm, V., King, M. A., Luthcke, S. B., Petrie, E., Rémy, F., Schön,
N., Wouters, B., and Bamber, J. L.: Spatial and temporal Antarctic Ice Sheet
mass trends,
glacio-isostatic adjustment, and surface processes from a joint inversion of
satellite altimeter, gravity, and GPS data, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 182–200, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003550, 2016. a
McManus, J. F., Francois, R., Gherardi, J.-M., Keigwin, L. D., and Brown-Leger,
S.: Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked
to deglacial climate changes, Nature, 428, 834–837, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02494, 2004. a
Mercer, J. H.: West Antarctic ice sheet and CO2 greenhouse effect- A threat
of disaster, Nature, 271, 321–325, https://doi.org/10.1038/271321a0, 1978. a
Montoya, M. and Levermann, A.: Surface wind-stress threshold for glacial
Atlantic overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35,
L03608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032560, 2008. a
Nicholls, R. J. and Cazenave, A.: Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal
zones, Science, 328, 1517–1520, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185782, 2010. a
Paillard, D. and Parrenin, F.: The Antarctic ice sheet and the triggering of
deglaciations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 227, 263–271,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.023, 2004. a
Paolo, F. S., Fricker, H. A., and Padman, L.: Volume loss from Antarctic ice
shelves is accelerating, Science, 348, 327–331,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0940, 2015. a
Pattyn, F.: Sea-level response to melting of Antarctic ice shelves on multi-centennial timescales with the fast Elementary
Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh v1.0), The Cryosphere, 11, 1851–1878, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1851-2017, 2017. a
Pedro, J. B., Jochum, M., Buizert, C., He, F., Barker, S., and Rasmussen,
S. O.: Beyond the bipolar seesaw: Toward a process understanding of
interhemispheric coupling, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 192, 27–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.005, 2018. a
Petit, J.-R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile,
I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M.,
Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pépin, L.,
Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., and Stievenard, M.: Climate and
atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core,
Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429–436, https://doi.org/10.1038/20859, 1999. a
Peyaud, V., Ritz, C., and Krinner, G.: Modelling the Early Weichselian Eurasian Ice Sheets: role of ice
shelves and influence of ice-dammed lakes, Clim. Past, 3, 375–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-375-2007, 2007. a
Philippon, G., Ramstein, G., Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., Ritz, C., and Dumas,
C.: Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet throughout the last deglaciation: a
study with a new coupled climate-north and south hemisphere ice sheet
model, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 248, 750–758,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.017, 2006. a
Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: Modelling West Antarctic ice sheet growth and
collapse through the past five million years, Nature, 458, 329–332,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07809, 2009. a
Rahmstorf, S.: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years,
Nature, 419, 207–214, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01090, 2002. a
Reeh, N.: Parameterization of melt rate and surface temperature on the
Greenland ice sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 59,
113–128, 1989. a
Rignot, E. and Jacobs, S. S.: Rapid bottom melting widespread near Antarctic
ice sheet grounding lines, Science, 296, 2020–2023,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070942, 2002. a
Rignot, E., Casassa, G., Gogineni, P., Krabill, W., Rivera, A. U., and Thomas,
R.: Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the
collapse of Larsen B ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L18401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020697, 2004. a
Rignot, E., Jacobs, S., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice-shelf melting
around Antarctica, Science, 341, 266–270, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235798,
2013. a
Ritz, C., Rommelaere, V., and Dumas, C.: Modeling the evolution of Antarctic
ice sheet over the last 420,000 years: Implications for altitude changes in
the Vostok region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
31943–31964, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900232, 2001. a
Rohling, E., Foster, G. L., Grant, K., Marino, G., Roberts, A., Tamisiea,
M. E., and Williams, F.: Sea-level and deep-sea-temperature variability over
the past 5.3 million years, Nature, 508, 477–482,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13230, 2014. a, b
Rohling, E. J., Grant, K., Bolshaw, M., Roberts, A., Siddall, M., Hemleben, C.,
and Kucera, M.: Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled
over the past five glacial cycles, Nat. Geosci., 2, 500–504,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo557, 2009. a
Ruth, U., Barnola, J.-M., Beer, J., Bigler, M., Blunier, T., Castellano, E., Fischer, H., Fundel, F., Huybrechts, P., Kaufmann, P., Kipfstuhl, S.,
Lambrecht, A., Morganti, A., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Rybak, O., Severi, M., Udisti, R., Wilhelms, F., and Wolff, E.: “EDML1”: a
chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the last 150 000 years, Clim. Past, 3, 475–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-475-2007, 2007. a
Schaffer, J., Timmermann, R., Arndt, J. E., Kristensen, S. S., Mayer, C., Morlighem, M., and Steinhage, D.: A global,
high-resolution data set of ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and ocean bathymetry, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 543–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-543-2016, 2016. a
Schoof, C.: Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and
hysteresis, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112,
F03S28, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000664, 2007. a
Shaffer, G., Olsen, S. M., and Bjerrum, C. J.: Ocean subsurface warming as a
mechanism for coupling Dansgaard-Oeschger climate cycles and ice-rafting
events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020968, 2004. a
Shapiro, N. M. and Ritzwoller, M. H.: Inferring surface heat flux
distributions guided by a global seismic model: particular application to
Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 223, 213–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.011, 2004. a
Shepherd, A., Ivins, E., Rignot, E., Smith, B., van den Broeke, M.,
Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P., Briggs, K., Joughin, I., Krinner, G., Nowicki,
S., Payne, T., Scambos, T., Schlegel, N., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A.,
Babonis, G., Barletta, V., Blazquez, A., Bonin, J., Csatho, B., Cullather,
R., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Gallee, H., Gardner, A.,
Gilbert, L., Groh, A., Gunter, B., Hanna, E., Harig, C., Helm, V., Horvath,
A., Horwath, M., Khan, S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Konrad, H., Langen, P.,
Lecavalier, B., Loomis, B., Luthcke, S., McMillan, M., Melini, D., Mernild,
S., Mohajerani, Y., Moore, P., Mouginot, J., Moyano, G., Muir, A., Nagler,
T., Nield, G., Nilsson, J., Noel, B., Otosaka, I., Pattle, M. E., Peltier, W.
R., Pie, N., Rietbroek, R., Rott, H., Sandberg-Sørensen, L., Sasgen, I.,
Save, H., Scheuchl, B., Schrama, E., Schröder, L., Seo, K.-W., Simonsen,
S., Slater, T., Spada, G., Sutterley, T., Talpe, M., Tarasov, L., van de
Berg, W. J., van der Wal, W., van Wessem, M., Vishwakarma, B. D., Wiese, D.,
and Wouters, B.: Mass
balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017, Nature, 556, 219–222,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y, 2018. a
Siddall, M., Rohling, E. J., Thompson, W. G., and Waelbroeck, C.: Marine
isotope stage 3 sea level fluctuations: data synthesis and new outlook,
Rev. Geophys., 46, RG4003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000226, 2008. a
Stocker, T. F.: The seesaw effect, Science, 282, 61–62,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5386.61, 1998. a
Stocker, T. F. and Johnsen, S. J.: A minimum thermodynamic model for the
bipolar seesaw, Paleoceanography, 18, 1087, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000920, 2003. a, b, c
Sutter, J., Gierz, P., Grosfeld, K., Thoma, M., and Lohmann, G.: Ocean
temperature thresholds for Last Interglacial West Antarctic Ice Sheet
collapse, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2675–2682, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067818, 2016. a
Tabone, I., Blasco, J., Robinson, A., Alvarez-Solas, J., and Montoya, M.: The sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet to
glacial-interglacial oceanic forcing, Clim. Past, 14, 455–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-455-2018, 2018.
a, b, c
Weber, M., Kuhn, G., Sprenk, D., Rolf, C., Ohlwein, C., and Ricken, W.: Dust
transport from Patagonia to Antarctica–a new stratigraphic approach from the
Scotia Sea and its implications for the last glacial cycle, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 36, 177–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.016, 2012. a
Weber, M., Clark, P., Kuhn, G., Timmermann, A., Sprenk, D., Gladstone, R.,
Zhang, X., Lohmann, G., Menviel, L., Chikamoto, M., Friedrich, T., and
Ohlwein, C.: Millennial-scale
variability in Antarctic ice-sheet discharge during the last deglaciation,
Nature, 510, 134–138, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13397, 2014. a, b
Weertman, J.: Stability of the junction of an ice sheet and an ice shelf,
J. Glaciol., 13, 3–11, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000023327, 1974. a
Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J., and Le Brocq, A. M.: A deglacial model for
Antarctica: geological constraints and glaciological modelling as a basis for
a new model of Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 32, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.016, 2012. a
Short summary
The LGP is a period punctuated by the presence of several abrupt climate events and sea-level variations of up to 20 m at millennial timescales. The origin of those fluctuations is attributed to NH paleo ice sheets, but a contribution from the AIS cannot be excluded. Here, for the first time, we investigate the response of the AIS to millennial climate variability using an ice sheet–shelf model. We shows that the AIS produces substantial sea-level rises and grounding line migrations.
The LGP is a period punctuated by the presence of several abrupt climate events and sea-level...
